Cefotaxime

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Cefotaxime
Cefotaxime.svg
Cefotaxime ball-and-stick.png
Names
Pronunciation/ˌsɛfəˈtækˌsm/[1]
Trade namesClaforan, others
Other namescefotaxime sodium
  • (6R,7R,Z)-3-(Acetoxymethyl)-7-(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
Drug classAntibiotic (3rd generation cephalosporin)[2]
Main usesJoint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, gonorrhea, cellulitis[3]
Side effectsNausea, allergic reactions, inflammation at the site of injection[3]
WHO AWaReWatch
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1[4]
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)[4]
Routes of
use
Intravenous and intramuscular
Defined daily dose4 grams[5]
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682765
Legal
License data
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailabilityn/a
Metabolismliver
Elimination half-life0.8–1.4 hours
Excretion50–85% kidney
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H17N5O7S2
Molar mass455.46 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C2N1/C(=C(\CS[C@@H]1[C@@H]2NC(=O)C(=N\OC)\c3nc(sc3)N)COC(=O)C)C(=O)O
  • InChI=1S/C16H17N5O7S2/c1-6(22)28-3-7-4-29-14-10(13(24)21(14)11(7)15(25)26)19-12(23)9(20-27-2)8-5-30-16(17)18-8/h5,10,14H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H2,17,18)(H,19,23)(H,25,26)/b20-9+/t10-,14-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:GPRBEKHLDVQUJE-VINNURBNSA-N checkY

Cefotaxime is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.[3] Specifically it is used to treat joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, gonorrhea, and cellulitis.[3] It is given either by injection into a vein or muscle.[3]

Common side effects include nausea, allergic reactions, and inflammation at the site of injection.[3] Another side effect may include Clostridium difficile diarrhea.[3] It is not recommended in people who have had previous anaphylaxis to a penicillin.[3] It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[3][6] If there are kidney problems, the dose may need to be reduced.[7] It is in the third-generation cephalosporin family of medications and works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall.[3]

Cefotaxime was discovered in 1976, and came into commercial use in 1980.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] It is available as a generic medication.[3] It is available as a generic medication.[3] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.23–4.70 per dose.[11] In the United States a course of treatment costs $100–200.[6] In the UK, a 4 gram dose costs the NHS around £7.50, as of 2021.[7]

Medical uses

It is in the 'watch' group of the WHO AWaRe Classification.[12]

It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against numerous gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Given its broad spectrum of activity, cefotaxime is used for a variety of infections, including:

  • Lower respiratory tract infections - e.g. pneumonia (most commonly caused by S. pneumoniae)
  • Genitourinary system infections - urinary tract infections (e.g. E. coli, S. epidermidis, P. mirabilis) and cervical/urethral gonorrhea
  • Gynecologic infections - e.g. pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, and pelvic cellulitis
  • Sepsis - secondary to Streptococcus spp., S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp.
  • Intra-abdominal infections - e.g. peritonitis
  • Bone and joint infections - S. aureus, Streptococcus spp.
  • CNS infections - e.g. meningitis/ventriculitis secondary to N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae[13]

Although cefotaxime has demonstrated efficacy in these infections, it is not necessarily considered to be the first-line agent. In meningitis, cefotaxime crosses the blood–brain barrier better than cefuroxime.

Vial of cefotaxime

Spectrum of activity

As a β-lactam antibiotic in the third-generation class of cephalosporins, cefotaxime is active against numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including several with resistance to classic β-lactams such as penicillin. These bacteria often manifest as infections of the lower respiratory tract, skin, central nervous system, bone, and intra-abdominal cavity. While regional susceptibilities must always be considered, cefotaxime typically is effective against these organisms (in addition to many others):[13]

  • Staphylococcus aureus (not including MRSA) and S. epidermidis
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes
  • Escherichia coli
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis
  • Klebsiella spp.
  • Burkholderia cepacia
  • Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris
  • Enterobacter spp.
  • Bacteroides spp.
  • Fusobacterium spp.

Notable organisms against which cefotaxime is not active include Pseudomonas and Enterococcus.[14] As listed, it has modest activity against the anaerobic Bacteroides fragilis.

The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms:[15]

  • H. influenzae: ≤0.007 - 0.5 µg/ml
  • S. aureus: 0.781 - 172 µg/ml
  • S. pneumoniae: ≤0.007 - 8 µg/ml

Historically, cefotaxime has been considered to be comparable to ceftriaxone (another third-generation cephalosporin) in safety and efficacy for the treatment of bacterial meningitis, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, genitourinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections, as well as prophylaxis for abdominal surgery.[16][17][18] The majority of these infections are caused by organisms traditionally sensitive to both cephalosporins. However, ceftriaxone has the advantage of once-daily dosing, whereas the shorter half-life of cefotaxime necessitates two or three daily doses for efficacy. Changing patterns in microbial resistance suggest cefotaxime may be suffering greater resistance than ceftriaxone, whereas the two were previously considered comparable.[19] Considering regional microbial sensitivities is also important when choosing any antimicrobial agent for the treatment of infection.[citation needed]

Dosage

The defined daily dose is 4 grams by injection.[5] For conjunctivitis due to gonorrhea it is give as a single dose of 100 mg/kg injected into a muscle.[2] For pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and meningitis it is given at a dose of 50 mg/kg every 8 hours for those who weight more than 2 kg and 50 mg/kg every 12 hours for those who weight less than 2 kg.[2]

Cefotaxime is administered by intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion. As cefotaxime is metabolized to both active and inactive metabolites by the liver and largely excreted in the urine, dose adjustments may be appropriate in people with kidney or liver impairment.[13][20][21]

Side effects

Cefotaxime is contraindicated in people with a known hypersensitivity to cefotaxime or other cephalosporins. Caution should be used and risks weighed against potential benefits in patients with an allergy to penicillin, due to cross-reactivity between the classes.

The most common adverse reactions experienced are:

  • Pain and inflammation at the site of injection/infusion (4.3%)
  • Rash, pruritus, or fever (2.4%)
  • Colitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting (1.4%)[13]

Mechanism of action

Cefotaxime is a β-lactam antibiotic (which refers to the structural components of the drug molecule itself). As a class, β-lactams inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. Bacteria eventually lyse due to ongoing activity of cell wall autolytic enzymes (autolysins and murein hydrolases) in the absence of cell wall assembly.[14] Due to the mechanism of their attack on bacterial cell wall synthesis, β-lactams are considered to be bactericidal.[13]

Unlike β-lactams such as penicillin and amoxicillin, which are highly susceptible to degradation by β-lactamase enzymes (produced, for example, nearly universally by S. aureus), cefotaxime boasts the additional benefit of resistance to β-lactamase degradation due to the structural configuration of the cefotaxime molecule. The syn-configuration of the methoxyimino moiety confers stability against β-lactamases.[22] Consequently, the spectrum of activity is broadened to include several β-lactamase-producing organisms (which would otherwise be resistant to β-lactam antibiotics), as outlined below.

Cefotaxime, like other β-lactam antibiotics, does not only block the division of bacteria, including cyanobacteria, but also the division of cyanelles, the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes, and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes. In contrast, it has no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants. This supports the endosymbiotic theory and indicates an evolution of plastid division in land plants.[23]

History

Cefotaxime was discovered in 1976, and came into commercial use in 1980.[8] It was licensed in the United States the following year.[24] Along with ceftazidime, it became a widely used first-line antibiotic in hospitals and antibiotic resistance soon developed.[24]

Other organisms

Cefotaxime is the only cephalosporin which has very low toxicity in plants, even at higher concentration (up to 500 mg/l). It is widely used to treat plant tissue infections with Gram-negative bacteria,[25] while vancomycin is used to treat the plant tissue infections with Gram-positive bacteria.[26][27]

See also

References

  1. "Cefotaxime". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 "CEFOTAXIME injectable - Essential drugs". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 "Cefotaxime Sodium". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  4. 4.0 4.1 "Cefotaxime (Claforan) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 87. ISBN 9781284057560.
  7. 7.0 7.1 "5. Infection". British National Formulary (BNF) (82 ed.). London: BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2021 – March 2022. p. 562. ISBN 978-0-85711-413-6.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Walker, S. R. (2012). Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109. ISBN 9789400926592. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  9. Fischer, Janos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 494. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
  10. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  11. "Cefotaxime". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  12. Zanichelli, Veronica; Sharland, Michael; Cappello, Bernadette; Moja, Lorenzo; Getahun, Haileyesus; Pessoa-Silva, Carmem; Sati, Hatim; van Weezenbeek, Catharina; Balkhy, Hanan; Simão, Mariângela; Gandra, Sumanth; Huttner, Benedikt (1 April 2023). "The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book and prevention of antimicrobial resistance". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 101 (4): 290–296. doi:10.2471/BLT.22.288614. ISSN 0042-9686. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Claforan Sterile (cefotaxime for injection, USP) and Injection (cefotaxime injection, USP). 19 June 2009. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. 14.0 14.1 Cefotaxime drug information Archived 2007-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  15. "Cefotaxime (Cephotaxime, Claforan) | The Antimicrobial Index Knowledgebase - TOKU-E". antibiotics.toku-e.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  16. Scholz H, Hofmann T, Noack R, Edwards DJ, Stoeckel K (1998). "Prospective comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime for the short-term treatment of bacterial meningitis in children". Chemotherapy. 44 (2): 142–7. PMID 9551246.
  17. Woodfield JC, Van Rij AM, Pettigrew RA, van der Linden AJ, Solomon C, Bolt D (January 2003). "A comparison of the prophylactic efficacy of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in abdominal surgery". American Journal of Surgery. 185 (1): 45–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(02)01125-X. PMID 12531444.
  18. Simmons BP, Gelfand MS, Grogan J, Craft B (1995). "Cefotaxime twice daily versus ceftriaxone once daily. A randomized controlled study in patients with serious infections". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 22 (1–2): 155–7. doi:10.1016/0732-8893(95)00080-T. PMID 7587031.
  19. Gums JG, Boatwright DW, Camblin M, Halstead DC, Jones ME, Sanderson R (January 2008). "Differences between ceftriaxone and cefotaxime: microbiological inconsistencies". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (1): 71–9. doi:10.1345/aph.1H620. PMID 18094350.
  20. Bertels RA, Semmekrot BA, Gerrits GP, Mouton JW (October 2008). "Serum concentrations of cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetyl-cefotaxime in infants and children during continuous infusion". Infection. 36 (5): 415–20. doi:10.1007/s15010-008-7274-1. PMID 18791659.
  21. Coombes JD (1982). "Metabolism of cefotaxime in animals and humans". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 4 (Suppl 2): S325–32. doi:10.1093/clinids/4.Supplement_2.S325. JSTOR 4452886. PMID 6294781.
  22. Van TT, Nguyen HN, Smooker PM, Coloe PJ (March 2012). "The antibiotic resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, retail meat and humans in South East Asia". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 154 (3): 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.032. PMID 22265849.
  23. Kasten B, Reski R (1997). "β-Lactam antibiotics inhibit chloroplast division in a moss (Physcomitrella patens) but not in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)". Journal of Plant Physiology. 150 (1–2): 137–40. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(97)80193-9. INIST:2640663.
  24. 24.0 24.1 Bush, K. (2008). "The evolution of beta-lactamases". In Chadwick, Derek J.; Goode, Jamie A. (eds.). Antibiotic Resistance: Origins, Evolution, Selection and Spread. Chichester: Wiley. p. 157. ISBN 0-471-97105-7.
  25. cefotaxime for plant tissue culture Archived 2012-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
  26. vancomycin for plant cell culture Archived 2012-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
  27. Pazuki, A; Asghari, J; Sohani, M; Pessarakli, M; Aflaki, F (2014). "Effects of Some Organic Nitrogen Sources and Antibiotics on Callus Growth of Indica Rice Cultivars" (PDF). Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38 (8): 1231–1240. doi:10.1080/01904167.2014.983118. Retrieved 17 November 2014.

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