Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine
Combination of | |
---|---|
Hepatitis A vaccine | Vaccine |
Hepatitis B vaccine | Vaccine |
Names | |
Trade names | Twinrix, Ambirix, Twinrix paediatric,[1] Bilive[2] |
Clinical data | |
Main uses | Prevent hepatitis A and B[1] |
Pregnancy category |
|
Routes of use | Intramuscular injection |
External links | |
AHFS/Drugs.com | FDA Professional Drug Information |
Legal | |
License data | |
Legal status |
Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, prevents both hepatitis A and hepatitis B.[1] It is given by injection into muscle.[3] Depending on the brand, either two or three doses are used.[1]
It is useful where risk factors overlap; in areas where hepatitis A and B are common, for travellers, people with hepatitis C or chronic liver disease, and those at high risk of sexually transmitted infections.[1] If there has previously been a severe allergic reaction to a hepatitis A or B vaccine, yeast or neomycin, then the combined vaccine is not recommended.[3]
The combined is as safe and protective as if given as separate hepatitis A and B vaccines.[1] It is generally well-tolerated.[2] Common side effects include redness and pain at the injection site, where a small lump may appear.[3] Feeling faint or tired, or a headache may occur.[3] Other side effects may include numbness, tingling, rash, bruising, abnormal bleeding such as from the nose or gums, weak muscle, or pain.[3] Severe side effects are rare and include an allergic reaction and seizures.[3]
The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 2001.[4] It is widely available.[1] By being a combination it may reduce administrative costs and achieve a better uptake of the vaccine.[5] In the UK, both Twinrix and Ambrix cost the NHS around £31 per dose.[6]
Medical uses
Efficacy
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that clinical trials found the following levels of protection against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B one month after each dose:[7]
- A: 93.8%, 98.8%, 99.9%
- B: 30.8%, 78.2%, 98.5%
GlaxoSmithKline claims that its studies found 70% of subjects had antibodies against hepatitis B a month after just the first dose, however.[8]
Twinrix should not be used for postexposure prophylaxis, because no data are available on the efficacy of combination vaccine for prophylaxis after exposure to HAV.[9]
Schedule
Routine Twinrix vaccination is administered by intramuscular injection in the deltoid area using a schedule of three separate doses at 0, 1, and 6 months ([minimum intervals: 4 weeks between doses 1 and 2, 5 months between doses 2 and 3]).[10][11] In some circumstances, an accelerated dosing schedule of 0, 7 and 21 to 30 days followed by a booster at 12 months can be used and was shown to have similar efficacy as the traditional schedule.[12]
Society and culture
Availability
In the United States, Twinrix is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for those aged 18 and older.[7] In some countries outside the United States, notably Canada and Europe, Twinrix is known as Twinrix Adult or Ambirix and a pediatric formulation, called Twinrix Junior or Twinrix Paediatric, is available.[8][13][14][15][16][17][excessive citations]
Naming
The name Twinrix was created because it is a mixture of two earlier vaccines — Havrix, an inactivated-virus Hepatitis A vaccine, and Engerix-B, a recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine.[citation needed] Twinrix first entered the market in early 1997.[18]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Damme, Pierre Van; Hendricks, Greet (2021). "12. Hepatitis A vaccines". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 115–126. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zhang, Li (2 July 2020). "Hepatitis A vaccination". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 16 (7): 1565–1573. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1769389. ISSN 2164-5515. PMID 32649265. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Hepatitis A and B vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ↑ "DailyMed - TWINRIX (hepatitis a and hepatitis b- recombinant vaccine injection, suspension". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ↑ Bakker, Marina; Bunge, Eveline M.; Marano, Cinzia; de Ridder, Marc; De Moerlooze, Laurence (July 2016). "Immunogenicity, effectiveness and safety of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine: a systematic literature review". Expert Review of Vaccines. 15 (7): 829–851. doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1150182. ISSN 1744-8395. PMID 26840060. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ↑ "14. Vaccines". British National Formulary (BNF) (82 ed.). London: BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2021 – March 2022. pp. 1383–1384. ISBN 978-0-85711-413-6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 "FDA approval for a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 50 (37): 806–7. September 2001. PMID 11785573. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
- Lay summary in: "Notice to Readers: FDA Approval for a Combined Hepatitis A and B Vaccine".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)
- Lay summary in: "Notice to Readers: FDA Approval for a Combined Hepatitis A and B Vaccine".
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Twinrix Adult Vaccine SmPC". Datapharm. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ↑ "Hepatitis A - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book - Travelers' Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ "Package Insert - TWINRIX" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ↑ "Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2019". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ "Notice to Readers: FDA Approval of an Alternate Dosing Schedule for a Combined Hepatitis A and B Vaccine (Twinrix)" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 12 October 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ↑ "Twinrix Paediatric Vaccine SmPC". Datapharm. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ↑ "Ambirix SmPC". Datapharm. 5 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ↑ "Hepatitis A Vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2018-03-13. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ↑ "Twinrix (720/20)". The Australian Immunisation Handbook. 4 June 2018. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- Lay summary in: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccines/twinrix-72020.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)
- Lay summary in: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccines/twinrix-72020.
- ↑ "Twinrix Junior (360/10)". The Australian Immunisation Handbook. 4 June 2018. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- Lay summary in: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccines/twinrix-junior-36010.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)
- Lay summary in: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccines/twinrix-junior-36010.
- ↑ "SB's Twinrix Launched In Its First Market". thepharmaletter.com. 20 January 1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
External links
Identifiers: |
|
---|
- "Package Insert - TWINRIX" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls
- CS1 maint: date format
- CS1 errors: missing periodical
- Wikipedia articles incorporating the PD-notice template
- CS1 errors: missing title
- CS1 errors: bare URL
- Drugs with non-standard legal status
- Chemical articles with unknown parameter in Infobox drug
- Chemical articles without CAS registry number
- Articles without EBI source
- Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID
- Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier
- Articles without KEGG source
- Articles without InChI source
- Articles without UNII source
- Drugs missing an ATC code
- Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes
- Drugs that are a combination of chemicals
- Citation overkill
- Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from January 2021
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019
- Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned
- Portal templates with all redlinked portals
- Combination vaccines
- GlaxoSmithKline brands
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis vaccines