List of WHO AWaRe antibiotics for common infections in primary care

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Antibiotic resistance

This is a list of antibiotics for common infections in primary care as detailed in the WHO AWaRe classification in the World Health Organization's book The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book (2022).


Colour key:

Respiratory

Bronchitis

Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Acute bronchitis Frequency:

Common[1]


Risk factors:

Winter[1]

Smoking[1]

Air pollution[1]

Cough (>5 days) +/- fever[1]

Normal heart rate and respiratory rate[1]

Symptoms milder than pneumonia, though may overlap[1]

Investigations generally initially unnecessary in otherwise well adults.[2]

Consider testing for COVID-19.[1]

Mostly viral[1]

Typically resolve without treatment[3]

Yellow/green sputum does not indicate bacterial infection[1]

Cough may last weeks (10–20 days)[1]

Bronchodilators and mucolytics, though usefulness unclear[1]

Antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen)[1]

Cold medicine[1]

Antibiotic not recommended, unless severe symptoms or weak immune system.[1]
Adults Children

Typically resolve without treatment.[4]

Antibiotic considered if fever ≥39.0 °C, bilateral otitis media in children younger than 2 years.[1]

Mild community-acquired pneumonia

Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Mild community-acquired pneumonia Frequency:

Common worldwide[5]

Leading cause of hospital admission

Risk factors:

Children < 5 years (low income countries), adults > 65 years (high-income countries)[5]

Poor nutrition[5]

HIV[5]

Air pollution[5]

Cough (new or worse) + fever (≥ 38.0 °C)[5]

Sputum, shortness of breath, chest hurts[5]

Tachypnea, crepitations, reduced oxygen saturation[5]

Confusion in elderly[5]

Tests in mild illness usually not required.[5]

Consider:

CRB-65 score[5]

COVID-19 testing[5]

Testing for HIV, tuberculosis (high risk groups)[5]

Chest X-ray[5]

Blood tests: blood cultures, complete blood count, CRP

General

Antipyretics: paracetamol, ibuprofen[5]

Seek medical care if worsening of symptoms.[5]

Prevention

Vaccines against pneumonia, flu, COVID-19, H. influenzae[5]

Adults Children
Treatment duration
5 days or longer in severe illness.[5] 3 to 5 days or longer depending on severity.[5]
Mild illness
First choice:

Amoxicillin 1 gram 3x daily by mouth[5]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 milligrams 4x daily by mouth[5]

Second choice:

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg+125 mg 3x daily by mouth[5]

or

Doxycycline 100 milligrams 2x daily by mouth[5]

First choice:

Amoxicillin (80–90 milligrams/kg/day) by mouth[5]

Severe illness

First choice:

Cefotaxime 2 grams 3x daily into vein or muscle by injection[5]

or

Ceftriaxone[5]

First choice:

Amoxicillin

or

Ampicillin

or

Benzylpenicillin

+/- Clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily by mouth or into vein[5] +/- Gentamicin
Second choice:

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 1 gram + 200 mg three times daily into vein[5]

In HIV +ve babies younger than 1 year

Add

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for 3 weeks[5]

+/- Clarithromycin 500 mg 2x daily by mouth or into vein[5] No improvement with first choice after 48–72 hours

Cefotaxime into vein or muscle[5]

or

Ceftriaxone into vein or muscle[5]

Chronic obstructive bronchitis

Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Chronic obstructive bronchitis (COPD) exacerbation Worsening shortness of breath + cough in known COPD.[6]

Increased sputum production[6]

Culture of sputum in mild disease not always helpful as may give confusing results.[6]

Consider:

Blood tests[6]

Chest X-ray[6]

Blood gases[6]

Consider:

Oxygen therapy[6]

Short-acting bronchodilator[6]

Oral steroids[6]

Prevention

Stop smoking[6]

Reduce indoor air pollution[6]

Vaccinations: pneumonia vaccine, influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine[6]

Antibiotics not necessary in mild illness.[6]
Treatment duration
Adults Children
First choice

Amoxicillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[6]

Second choice Cefalexin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[6]

or

Doxycycline 100 milligrams 2x daily by mouth[6]

or

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500+125 milligrams 3x daily by mouth if severe[6]

ENT

Acute otitis media

Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Acute otitis media (OM)[7]

317 million worldwide (2017)[8]

Affects 80% of children by age 5 years.[9]

Most common reason for antibiotic use in young children.[9]

Typically young children with ear pain (one or both).[8]

Pulling ear, irritability, headache, fever (in 2/3), vomiting,[7] discharge.[8]

Bulging red tympanic membrane.[8]

+/- Viral upper respiratory tract infection.[7]

Diagnosis using otoscope.[7]


Tests generally not necessary.[8] Medical imaging if suspect deeper infection (mastoiditis, abscess).[8]

Mostly viral and resolve without treatment, particularly in high income countries.[10]

Antipyretics; (paracetamol, ibuprofen).[8]

No ibuprofen if younger than 3-months[8]

Prevention: hand hygiene, pneumococcal vaccine, flu vaccine, Hib vaccine[8]

For severe symptoms, weak immune system, fever ≥39.0 °C, bilateral OM in children younger than 2 years.[8]
Treatment duration: 5 days[8]
Adults Children
First choice First choice
First choice

Amoxicillin 500 mg 3x daily by mouth[4][8]

First choice

Amoxicillin by mouth[8]

Second choice Second choice
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500 mg+125 mg 3x daily by mouth[8] Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid by mouth[8]

Pharyngitis

Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Pharyngitis[11] >80% viral[11] Sore throat[11]

Viral: + cough, headache, muscle aches[11]

Bacterial: + fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, exudate[11]

Most resolve without treatment.[11]

Paracetamol, ibuprofen[11]

Antibiotics where rheumatic fever is endemic.[11]
Treatment duration: 5 or 10 days depending on risk.[11]
Adults Children
First choice First choice

Amoxicillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[4][11]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 milligrams 4x daily by mouth[4][11]

Amoxicillin [11]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin[11]

Second choice Second choice

Cefalexin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[11]

Cefalexin[11]

or

Clarithromycin 500 milligrams twice daily by mouth[11]

or

Clarithromycin [11]

Acute sinusitis

Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Acute sinusitis[12] Common[12] Blocked and runny nose[12]

Toothache[12]

Facial pain and pressure[12]

Tests usually not required.[12]

For illness duration <10-days; nasal irrigation, analgesia.[12]

Antibiotics not always needed.[12]

Most preceded by upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and resolve without treatment.[12]

Symptoms may last for up to 1 month.[12]

Yellow/green nasal discharge not necessarily bacterial.[12]

Prevention: some protection with pneumococcal vaccine, Hib vaccine[12]

Antibotics if severe symptoms: fever ≥39.0 °C, purulent discharge from nose, facial pain (>3 days)[12]
Treatment duration: 5 days[12]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin 1 gram 3x daily by mouth[12]

or

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500+125 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[12]

Amoxicillin[12]

or

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid[12]

Dental infection

Infection Symptoms Management Advice Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Dental infection Dental disease: Toothache radiating to ear/jaw.[13]

Pericoronitis: Toothache + swollen gum[13]

Necrotizing periodontal disease: severe toothache, swollen and bleeding gums[13]

Noma: severe disease with destruction of soft tissue/bone[13]

May require imaging, blood tests, culture[13]

Painkillers[13]

Most resolve without antibiotics[13]

Salt water gargles[13]

Painkillera: ibuprofen, paracetamol[13]

Effectiveness of mouthwashes unclear.[13]

Prevention: Good oral hygiene, reduce dietary sugar, brush teeth, stop smoking.[13]


Frequency: common worldwide.[13]

Risk factors: high sugar diet, poor oral hygiene, smoking, dental caries, chewing tobacco, malnutrition.[13]

Dental treatment more likely to help than antibiotics.[13]

Metronidazole may be an option for deeper infection.[13]

Treatment duration: 3 to 5 days depending on response[13]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[13]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 milligrams 4x daily by mouth[13]

Amoxicillin[13]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin[13]

Acute localized lymphadenitis

Common infections in primary care
Infection Frequency Symptoms Tests Advice AWaRe antibiotic use
Acute localized lymphadenitis Frequency: common worldwide[14] Sudden painful red large lymph node[14]

Fever[14]

Tests usually not necessary, though may need tests for HIV, tuberculosis, malignancy in some.[14]

Persistent large lymph nodes require further tests.[14]

Most large lymph nodes have a viral cause, though unilateral symptoms possible likely bacterial.[14] Treatment of localized acute bacterial lymphadenitis
Treatment duration: 5 days[14]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500 mg+125 mg 4x daily by mouth, or 1gram+200 mg 4x daily into vein[14]

or

Cefalexin 500 mg 4x daily by mouth[14]

or

Cloxacillin 500 mg 4x daily by mouth[14]

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid into vein[14]

or

Cefalexin by mouth[14]


or

Cloxacillin into vein[14]

Eyes

Common infections in primary care
Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Test Advice AWaRe antibiotic use
Conjunctivitis Itchy, gritty, red, watery eye[15] Most resolve within a week without antibiotics.[15]
Treatment duration: varies between treatments from single dose, to 3 days, or 5 days [15]
Adults Children
Gentamicin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[15] Gentamicin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[15]
Or

Ofloxacin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[15]

Ofloxacin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[15]
or

Tetracycline 1% ointment, 1 cm in affected eye 4x daily[15]

Tetracycline 1% ointment, 1 cm in affected eye 4x daily[15]
Gonococcal conjunctivitis:

Ceftriaxone 250 milligrams into muscle (single dose) [15]

combined with

Azithromycin 1 gram by mouth (single dose) [15]

Gonococcal conjunctivitis:

Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg into muscle (single dose)[15]

Chlamydial ophthalmia:

Azithromycin by mouth[15]

Keratitis [15]
Adults Children
Endophthalmitis [15]
Adults Children
Periorbital cellulitis [15]
Adults Children
Trachoma [16]
Adults Children

Genitourinary

Common infections in primary care
Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice AWaRe guidance
Urinary tract infection (UTI)[17] Common: females, increasing age, sexual activity[18]

Most caused by E.coli[18]

Dysuria[18]

Urinary urgency, frequency[17]

Lower abdominal pain[17]

Blood in urine[17]

Urine culture: children, men, pregnant women, recurrent UTI[18]

Prevention: Pass urine after sex, showers not baths, girls to wipe front to back[17]

Drink water[17]

In young otherwise healthy non-pregnant females with mild symptoms antibiotics may not always be required.[4]

Treatment duration: 3–5 days[18]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500+125 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[18]

or

Nitrofurantoin 100 milligrams twice daily (modified release) or 50 milligrams 4x daily (immediate release), by mouth[18]

or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[18]

or

Trimethoprim 200 milligrams twice daily for 3-days by mouth[18]

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid[18]

or

Nitrofurantoin[18]

or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[18]

or

Trimethoprim[18]

Chlamydia[19] Prevention: safe sex, condoms, treat sexual partners[19]

Uncomplicated urogenital infection

Doxycycline[19]

or

Azithromycin[19]

Anorectal infection

Doxycycline[19]

In pregnancy

Azithromycin[19]

Gonorrhea [20] Ceftriaxone 250 milligrams into muscle[20]

combined with

Azithromycin 1 gram by mouth[20]

Syphilis [21] Late syphilis:

Benzathine benzylpenicillin[21]

or

Procaine benzypenicillin[21]

Congenital syphilis
Neurosyphilis:

Benzylpenicillin[21]

or

Procaine benzypenicillin[21]

Benzylpenicillin[21]
In pregnancy:

Benzathine benzylpenicillin[21]

or

Procaine benzylpenicillin[21]

Trichomoniasis [22]

High vaginal swab

Metronidazole[22]

Skin

Common infections in primary care
Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice AWaRe guidance
Superficial skin infections

(impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis)[23]

Impetigo: Reddish papules, vesicles, pustules, yellowish crusts.[23]

Erysipelas: painful raised, well-defined, redness of skin of rapid onset, generally feeling unwell, +/-fever.[23]

Cellulitis: painful redness of skin, +/-fever.[23]

Swabs of intact skin generally unnecessary[23]


Localized bullous impetigo: mupirocin 2% ointment may suffice.[23]

Severe infections may require intravenous antibiotics.[23]

Treatment duration: 5 days[23]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500 mg+125 mg 3x daily by mouth[23]

or

Cefalexin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[23]

or

Cloxacillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[23]

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid[23]

or

Cefalexin [23]

or

Cloxacillin[23]

Wounds/burns related infection[4]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500 mg+125 mg 3x daily by mouth

or

Cefalexin

or

Cloxacillin[4]

Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid

or

Cefalexin

or

Cloxacillin[4]

Gastrointestinal

Common infections in primary care
Infection Management Advice Image Notes AWaRe guidance (adults) AWaRe guidance (children)
Infectious bloody diarrhoea or dysentery[24] Mostly viral and resolve without treatment.[24] First choice

Ciprofloxacin[24]

Second choice

Azithromycin[24]

or

Cefixime[24]

First choice

Ciprofloxacin[24]

Second choice

Azithromycin[24]

or

Cefixime[24]

or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[24]

or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[24]

or

Ceftriaxone[24]

or

Ceftriaxone[24]

Cholera[24] Rehydration[24] First choice

Azithromycin[24]

First choice

Azithromycin[24]

or

Doxycycline[24]

Second choice

Ciprofloxacin[24]

Second choice

Ciprofloxacin[24]

or

Doxycycline[24]

Enteric fever[25] Consider local resistance pattern[25]

Ofloxacin and cefixime are not recommended.[25]

Low antibiotic resistance

Mild and severe cases: Ciprofloxacin[26]

High antibiotic resistance

Mild cases Azithromycin[26]

Severe cases Ceftriaxone[26]

Low antibiotic resistance

Mild and severe cases: Ciprofloxacin[26]

High antibiotic resistance

Mild cases Azithromycin[26]

Severe cases Ceftriaxone[26]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 29-35
  2. ↑ Smith, Maeve P.; Lown, Mark; Singh, Sonal; Ireland, Belinda; Hill, Adam T.; Linder, Jeffrey A.; Irwin, Richard S.; Adams, Todd M.; Altman, Kenneth W.; Azoulay, Elie; Barker, Alan F.; Blackhall, Fiona; Birring, Surinder S.; Bolser, Donald C.; Boulet, Louis-Philippe; Braman, Sidney S.; Brightling, Christopher; Callahan-Lyon, Priscilla; Chang, Anne B.; Cowley, Terrie; Davenport, Paul; El Solh, Ali A.; Escalante, Patricio; Field, Stephen K.; Fisher, Dina; French, Cynthia T.; Grant, Cameron; Harding, Susan M.; Harnden, Anthony; Hill, Adam T.; Irwin, Richard S.; Kahrilas, Peter J.; Kavanagh, Joanne; Lai, Kefang; Kahrilas, Peter J.; Lilly, Craig; Lown, Mark; Madison, J. Mark; Malesker, Mark A.; Mazzone, Stuart; McGarvey, Lorcan; Molasoitis, Alex; Murad, M. Hassan; Narasimhan, Mangala; Newcombe, Peter; Oppenheimer, John; Rosen, Mark; Rubin, Bruce; Russell, Richard J.; Ryu, Jay H.; Singh, Sonal; Smith, Jaclyn; Smith, Maeve P.; Tarlo, Susan M.; Vertigan, Anne E.; Weinberger, Miles (May 2020). "Acute Cough Due to Acute Bronchitis in Immunocompetent Adult Outpatients". Chest. 157 (5): 1256–1265. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.01.044. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  3. ↑ Moja, L; Zanichelli, V; Mertz, D; Gandra, S; Cappello, B; Cooke, GS; Chuki, P; Harbarth, S; Pulcini, C; Mendelson, M; Tacconelli, E; Ombajo, LA; Chitatanga, R; Zeng, M; Imi, M; Elias, C; Ashorn, P; Marata, A; Paulin, S; Muller, A; Aidara-Kane, A; Wi, TE; Were, WM; Tayler, E; Figueras, A; Da Silva, CP; Van Weezenbeek, C; Magrini, N; Sharland, M; Huttner, B; Loeb, M (9 February 2024). "WHO's essential medicines and AWaRe: recommendations on first- and second-choice antibiotics for empiric treatment of clinical infections". Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2024.02.003. PMID 38342438. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Zanichelli, Veronica; Sharland, Michael; Cappello, Bernadette; Moja, Lorenzo; Getahun, Haileyesus; Pessoa-Silva, Carmem; Sati, Hatim; van Weezenbeek, Catharina; Balkhy, Hanan; Simão, Mariângela; Gandra, Sumanth; Huttner, Benedikt (1 April 2023). "The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book and prevention of antimicrobial resistance". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 101 (4): 290–296. doi:10.2471/BLT.22.288614. ISSN 0042-9686. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 147-161
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 162-168
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Danishyar, Amina; Ashurst, John V. (2024). "Acute Otitis Media". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262176. Archived from the original on 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 36-45
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 El Feghaly, Rana E.; Nedved, Amanda; Katz, Sophie E.; Frost, Holly M. (May 2023). "New insights into the treatment of acute otitis media". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 21 (5): 523–534. doi:10.1080/14787210.2023.2206565. ISSN 1744-8336. PMID 37097281. Archived from the original on 2024-01-10. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
  10. ↑ Venekamp, Roderick P; Sanders, Sharon L; Glasziou, Paul P; Rovers, Maroeska M (15 November 2023). "Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub5. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 46-60
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 61-71
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 72-95
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 95-104
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 105-139
  16. ↑ The WHO AWaRe. pp. 140-146
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 "Suffering from a urinary tract infection?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 278-292
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 230-240
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 241-253
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 254-2270
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 271-277
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 193-205
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 169-184
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Parry, Christopher M.; Qamar, Farah N.; Rijal, Samita; McCann, Naina; Baker, Stephen; Basnyat, Buddha (May 2023). "What Should We Be Recommending for the Treatment of Enteric Fever?". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 10 (Suppl 1): S26–S31. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad179. ISSN 2328-8957. PMID 37274536. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book Archived 2023-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

Bibliography

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