Pyridoxine
![]() | |
![]() Pyridoxine | |
Names | |
---|---|
Other names | vitamin B6,[1] pyridoxol[2] pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| |
Clinical data | |
Pregnancy category | |
Routes of use | By mouth, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous |
Defined daily dose | 160 mg (by mouth) 160 mg (parenteral)[4] |
External links | |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
Legal | |
License data |
|
Legal status |
|
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C8H11NO3 |
Molar mass | 169.180 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Melting point | 159 to 162 °C (318 to 324 °F) |
| |
|
Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as dietary supplement.[1] As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects or complications of isoniazid use, and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[6][1] It is used by mouth or by injection.[6]
It is usually well tolerated.[6] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[6] Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[6] Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[6] It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[6] Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.[7]
Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] Pyridoxine is available both as a generic medication and over the counter product.[6] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.59–3.54 per month.[11] Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.[7]
Medical uses
As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, problems from isoniazid, and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[6][1] Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a type of rare epilepsy that does not improve with typical antiseizure medications.[12] Pyridoxine is used by mouth or by injection.[6]
Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women. It has been used in hydrazine exposure with unclear effect.[13]
Dosage
The defined daily dose is 160 mg (by mouth) or 160 mg (by injection)[4] To prevent toxicity due to isoniazid 10 mg is used in people over 5 kg while 5 mg is used in people under 5 kg.[14] To treat toxicity from isoniazid 50 mg three times per day is used in adults and 50 mg once per day in children.[14]
Side effects
It is usually well tolerated, though overdose toxicity is possible.[6] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[6] Pyridoxine overdose can cause a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by poor coordination, numbness, and decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration.[15] Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1 - 21.7 ng/mL.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[6]
Mechanism
Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[6] It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[6] Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.[7] It is also required for muscle phosphorylase activity associated with glycogen metabolism.
History
Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[10] Pyridoxine is available as a generic medication and over the counter.[6] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.59–3.54 per month.[11] Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.[7]
Society and culture
Cost
The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.59–3.54 per month[11]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 496. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
- ↑ Dryhurst, Glenn (2012). Electrochemistry of Biological Molecules. Elsevier. p. 562. ISBN 9780323144520. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Pyridoxine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Retrieved 15 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "Pyridoxine 50mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 27 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 "Pyridoxine Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B6". ods.od.nih.gov. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Squires, Victor R. (2011). The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV. EOLSS Publications. p. 121. ISBN 9781848261952.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Harris, Harry (2012). Advances in Human Genetics 6. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 39. ISBN 9781461582649.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Vitamin B6". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ Abend, NS; Loddenkemper, T (July 2014). "Management of pediatric status epilepticus". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 16 (7): 301. doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0301-x. PMC 4110742. PMID 24909106.
- ↑ "Hydrazine (EHC 68, 1987)". www.inchem.org. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "PYRIDOXINE = VITAMIN B6 oral - Essential drugs". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Retrieved 24 August 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "Pyridoxine deficiency and toxicity | MedLink Neurology". www.medlink.com. Retrieved 24 August 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
External links
External sites: | |
---|---|
Identifiers: |
Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 1096: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- CS1 maint: discouraged parameter
- Pages with script errors
- Use dmy dates from December 2019
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Drugs with non-standard pregnancy category
- Chemical articles with unknown parameter in Infobox drug
- Chemical articles without CAS registry number
- Articles without EBI source
- Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID
- Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier
- Articles without KEGG source
- Articles without UNII source
- Drugs missing an ATC code
- Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes
- B vitamins
- Hydroxypyridines
- World Health Organization essential medicines