Inclisiran

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Inclisiran
Names
Trade namesLeqvio
Other namesALN-PCSsc, ALN-60212
Clinical data
Drug classSmall interfering RNA (siRNA) that inhibits PCSK9[1]
Main usesPrimary hypercholesterolaemia, mixed dyslipidaemia[2]
Side effectsInjection site reaction, joint pain, urinary tract infection, diarrhea, bronchitis, pain in extremity, shortness of breath[1]
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
use		Subcutaneous
Typical dose284 mg[1]
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Legal
License data
Legal status
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC520H679F21N175O309P43S6
Molar mass16248.27 g·mol−1

Inclisiran, sold under the brand name Leqvio, is a medication used to treat reduce cholesterol in the blood.[2] It is used in primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia together with a low fat diet, when a statin is not sufficient.[2] This includes in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).[1] It is given by injection under the skin.[7]

Common side effects include injection site reaction, joint pain, urinary tract infection, diarrhea, bronchitis, pain in extremity, and shortness of breath.[1] It is believed that use in pregnancy may harm the baby.[1] Use appears relatively safe in those with kidney or liver problems.[8] It is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) that inhibits the production of the protein PCSK9.[1]

Inclisiran was approved for medical use in Europe in 2020 and the United States in 2021.[2][1] In the United States it is available from specialty pharmacies.[7] The cost to the NHS in the United Kingdom is undisclosed as of 2022; however, was about £2,000 per 284 mg syringe as of 2021.[7] This amount in the United States is about 3,400 USD.[9]

Medical uses

Inclisiran is used in Europe in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidaemia, as an addition to diet in combination with a statin or statin with other lipid-lowering therapies in people unable to reach LDL-C goals with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin, or alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies in people who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is contraindicated.[2]

In the United States, it is used as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for the treatment of adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), who require additional lowering of low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).[1][6]

Evidence of benefits on real world outcomes are unclear as of 2022.[1] Though it does reduce LDL cholesterol by more than 50%.[2]

Dosage

It is given as a dose of 284 mg.[1] The first doses are given three months apart and than further doses are given every six months.[2]

Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action of Inclisiran[10]

Inclisiran is a small interfering RNA that acts as an inhibitor of a proprotein convertase, specifically, inhibiting translation of the protein termed proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).[11][12][13][1]

Small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) are designed to intervene in the pathway of RNA interference (RNAi), a naturally operating mechanism, wherein they bind to a complex within the cell termed the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC); after binding, the RISC structure in the siRNA-RISC complex is altered, allowing it to cleave specific messenger RNA molecules (mRNAs).[11] The siRNA-RISC complex is catalytic, and thus can cleave multiple copies of the mRNA that it targets; cleaved mRNAs are not translated into proteins, and thus the concentration of the protein targeted by the siRNA design is decreased.[11]

The proprotein convertase, PCSK9, is a liver-produced and -secreted serine protease whose binding and action on LDL receptors results in their increased lysosomal degradation in hepatocytes, a consequence of which is an increase in the level of circulating LDL cholesterol (and inhibition of which, the decrease in this level).[11] Studies of PCSK9 genetics supported the conclusion that decreases in circulating LDL cholesterol accomplished in this way would result in "diminished cardiovascular risk... with no apparent negative health consequences", and long term administration of antibodies with short in vivo half-lives, 1-2 times a month, reduced circulating PCSK9 and LDL cholesterol levels, with the result of a "lower incidence of cardiovascular events than placebo".[11] Together, these results contributed to the validation of PCSK9-targeting siRNAs for development as a new therapeutic for use in LDL cholesterol–lowering therapy; specifically, small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules of appropriate sequence and structure[clarification needed] were sought and discovered as a means of decreasing PCSK9 levels, and the development of a clinical candidate ensued thereafter.[11]

History

In 2019, The Medicines Company announced positive results from pivotal phase III study (all primary and secondary endpoints were met with efficacy consistent with Phase I and II studies). The company anticipated regulatory submissions in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2019, and in Europe in the first quarter of 2020.[14] Inclisiran is being developed by The Medicines Company, a subsidiary of Novartis, which licensed the rights to inclisiran from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals.[15][16]

The effectiveness of inclisiran was studied in three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that enrolled 3,457 adults with HeFH or clinical ASCVD.[6] Enrolled participants were taking maximally tolerated statin therapy but required additional LDL-C lowering based on their risk for cardiovascular events.[6] In all three studies, the main effectiveness outcome measure was the percent change in LDL-C from the beginning of the trial to day 510 (month 17).[6] In each trial, participants received under-the-skin injections of either 284 mg inclisiran or a placebo on four separate days: day 1, day 90 (month 3), day 270 (month 9), and day 450 (month 15).[6]

Study 1 enrolled 1,561 adults with ASCVD.[6] At day 510, the inclisiran group had an average LDL-C decrease of 51% whereas the placebo group had an average LDL-C increase of 1%.[6] Study 2 enrolled 1,414 adults with ASCVD.[6] At day 510, the inclisiran group had an average LDL-C decrease of 46% whereas the placebo group had an average LDL-C increase of 4%.[6] Study 3 enrolled 482 adults with HeFH.[6] At day 510, the inclisiran group had an average LDL-C decrease of 40% whereas the placebo group had an average LDL-C increase of 8%.[6]

The effect of inclisiran on cardiovascular morbidity (suffering from a disease) and mortality (death) has not been determined.[6][17]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 "Leqvio- inclisiran injection, solution". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Leqvio EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 13 October 2020. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Leqvio". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  4. ↑ "Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 12 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  5. ↑ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Leqvio". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 "FDA approves add-on therapy to lower cholesterol among certain high-risk adults". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 22 December 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Inclisiran". SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  8. ↑ "Inclisiran Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  9. ↑ "Leqvio Prices, Coupons, Copay & Patient Assistance". Drugs.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  10. ↑ Sinning, David; Landmesser, Ulf (2020-10-21). "Low-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Lowering Strategies for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on siRNA Treatment Targeting PCSK9 (Inclisiran)". Current Cardiology Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 22 (12). doi:10.1007/s11886-020-01427-6. ISSN 1523-3782.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Fitzgerald K, White S, Borodovsky A, Bettencourt BR, Strahs A, Clausen V, et al. (January 2017). "A Highly Durable RNAi Therapeutic Inhibitor of PCSK9". The New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1609243. PMC 5778873. PMID 27959715.
  12. ↑ Spreitzer H (11 September 2017). "Neue Wirkstoffe: Inclisiran". Österreichische Apotheker-Zeitung (in Deutsch) (19/2017).
  13. ↑ "Proposed INN: List 114" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. WHO. 29 (4): 531f. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  14. ↑ "The Medicines Company Announces Positive Topline Results from First Pivotal Phase 3 Trial of Inclisiran". The Medicines Company. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  15. ↑ Taylor NP (26 August 2019). "Medicines Company's PCSK9 drug hits phase 3 efficacy goals". FierceBiotech. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  16. ↑ "Novartis successfully completes acquisition of The Medicines Company, adding a potentially first-in-class, investigational cholesterol-lowering therapy inclisiran". Novartis (Press release). 6 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  17. ↑ Santulli G, Jankauskas SS, Gambardella J (May 2021). "Inclisiran: a new milestone on the PCSK9 road to tackle cardiovascular risk". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 7 (3): e11–e12. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab014. PMID 33655296.

Further reading

External links

Identifiers:
  • "Inclisiran". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
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