Video:Hypothyroidism
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Definition
Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.[1] 100px|left
Symptoms
It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, a feeling of tiredness, constipation, depression, and weight gain.[1] 100px|left
Neck swelling
Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goiter.[1] 100px|left
Untreated effects during pregnancy
Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby or congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.[2] 100px|left
Cause
Worldwide, too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.[3][4] 100px|left
Iodine
In countries with enough iodine in the diet, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune condition Hashimoto's thyroiditis.[1] 100px|left
Infrequent causes
Less common causes include: previous treatment with radioactive iodine, injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, or previous thyroid surgery.[1][5] 100px|left
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of hypothyroidism, when suspected, can be confirmed with blood tests measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine levels.[1] People over the age of 60 are more commonly affected.[1] 100px|left
Treatment
Salt iodization has prevented hypothyroidism in many populations.[6] Hypothyroidism can be treated with levothyroxine.[1] 100px|left
Adjusting dose
The dose is adjusted according to symptoms and normalization of the thyroxine and TSH levels.[1] Thyroid medication is safe in pregnancy.[1] 100px|left
Effect of excess iodine
While a certain amount of dietary iodine is important, excessive amounts can worsen certain types of hypothyroidism.[1] 100px|left
Epidemiology
Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism.[7] 100px|left
Burden in the US
In the United States, hypothyroidism occurs in 0.3–0.4% of people.[3] People over the age of 60 are more commonly affected.[1] Hypothyroidism is more common in women than men.[1] 100px|left
Subclinical hypothyroidism rate
Subclinical hypothyroidism, a milder form of hypothyroidism characterized by normal thyroxine levels and an elevated TSH level, is thought to occur in 4.3–8.5% of people in the United States.[3] 100px|left
Other animals
Dogs are also known to develop hypothyroidism and in rare cases cats and horses.[8] 100px|left
History
The word "hypothyroidism" is from Greek hypo- meaning "reduced", thyreos for "shield", and eidos for "form".[9] 100px|left
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 "Hypothyroidism". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ↑ Preedy, Victor (2009). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. Burlington: Elsevier. p. 616. ISBN 9780080920863.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA (December 2012). "Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association" (PDF). Thyroid. 22 (12): 1200–35. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0205. PMID 22954017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-14.
- ↑ Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B (2012). "Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities". Drug Design, Development and Therapy (Review). 6: 1–11. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S12894. PMC 3267517. PMID 22291465.
- ↑ Persani L (September 2012). "Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (Review). 97 (9): 3068–78. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1616. PMID 22851492.
- ↑ Syed S (April 2015). "Iodine and the "near" eradication of cretinism". Pediatrics. 135 (4): 594–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3718. PMID 25825529. S2CID 27647943.
- ↑ Cooper, DS; Braverman LE, eds. (2012-07-12). Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid : a fundamental and clinical text (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. p. 552. ISBN 978-1451120639. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20.
- ↑ "Hypothyroidism". Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th edition (online version). 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
- ↑ Mosby's Medical Dictionary (9 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013. p. 887. ISBN 9780323112581. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07.