Tick-borne disease

From WikiProjectMed
(Redirected from Tick-borne diseases)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tick-borne disease
Other names: Tick-borne illnesses
A feeding tick
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever[1]
TypesLyme, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever[2]
CausesCaused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites[3]
Diagnostic methodSymptoms and blood test[4]
Differential diagnosisMeasles, meningococcemia, influenza, enterovirus, mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, typhoid fever, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura[5]
TreatmentDoxycycline (among others)[4]

Tick-borne diseases are infections spread by tick bites. They are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.[6] The cost is substantial,[7] affecting ~80 % of cattle worldwide.[8]

As of 2020 18 tick-borne pathogens have been identified in the United States[9] and at least 27 are known globally.[10][11][12] New diseases have been discovered in the 21st century, by molecular assays and next-generation sequencing.[13]

Ticks and tick-borne illnesses are increasing.[14] Tick are spreading into new areas, due in part to the warming temperatures.[10][15] Tick populations are also affected by changes in the populations of their hosts (e.g. deer, cattle, mice, lizards) and those hosts' predators (e.g. foxes). Diversity and availability of hosts and predators can be affected by deforestation and habitat fragmentation.[10]

As individual ticks can harbor more than one disease-causing agent, people can be infected with more than one disease at the same time, compounding the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment.[6] Rates of illness are increasing and the geographic areas in which they are found expand.[9]

Types

Further information: List of insect-borne diseases and Mosquito-borne disease
a) Tick bite mark, ten days old, b) a scarred tick bite mark, c) a recent tick bite mark.

Bacterial

  • Lyme disease or borreliosis[16][17][18][19]
  • Relapsing fever (tick-borne relapsing fever, different from Lyme disease due to different Borrelia species and ticks)[20][21][22]
    • Organisms: Borrelia species such as B. hermsii, B. parkeri, B. duttoni, B. miyamotoi
    • Vector: Ornithodoros species
    • Regions : Primarily in Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Asia in and certain areas of Canada and the western United States
    • Symptoms: Relapsing fever typically presents as recurring high fevers, flu-like symptoms, headaches, and muscular pain, with less common symptoms including rigors, joint pain, altered mentation, cough, sore throat, painful urination, and rash
    • Treatment: Antibiotics are the treatment for relapsing fever, with doxycycline, tetracycline, or erythromycin being the treatment of choice.
  • Typhus Several diseases caused by Rickettsia bacteria [23]
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever[24]
  • Helvetica spotted fever[25][26]
    • Organism: Rickettsia helvetica
    • Region(R. helvetica): Confirmed common in ticks in Sweden, Switzerland, France, and Laos
    • Vector/region(s)#1: Ixodes ricinus is the main European vector.
    • Symptoms: Most often small red spots, other symptoms are fever, muscle pain, headache and respiratory problems
    • Treatment: Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is needed, phenoxymethylpenicillin likely is sufficient.
  • Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (formerly human granulocytic ehrlichiosis or HGE)[27]
  • Bartonella: Bartonella transmission rates to humans via tick bite are not well established [28] but Bartonella is common in ticks. For example: 4.76% of 2100 ticks tested in a study in Germany [29]
  • Tularemia[30]
    • Organism: Francisella tularensis, A. americanum
    • Vector: D. variabilis, D. andersoni
    • Region (US): Southeast, South-central, West, widespread

Viral

Isolation of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus[31]

Protozoan

Babiesa spp.

Toxin

Allergies

  • Alpha-gal allergy - Alpha-gal syndrome caused by immune reaction to the Alpha-gal sugar molecule introduced by ticks. The immune reaction can leave people with an allergy to red meat.[45]

Risk assessment

For a person or pet to acquire a tick-borne disease requires that the individual gets bitten by a tick and that the tick feeds for a sufficient period of time. The feeding time required to transmit pathogens differs for different ticks and different pathogens. Transmission of the bacterium that causes Lyme disease is well understood to require a substantial feeding period.[46][47]

In general, soft ticks (Argasidae) transmit pathogens within minutes of attachment because they feed more frequently, whereas hard ticks (Ixodidae) take hours or days, but the latter are more common and harder to remove.[48]

For an individual to acquire infection, the feeding tick must also be infected. Not all ticks are infected. In most places in the US, 30-50% of deer ticks will be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi . Other pathogens are much more rare. Ticks can be tested for infection using a highly specific and sensitive qPCR procedure. Several commercial labs provide this service to individuals for a fee, the Laboratory of Medical Zoology , a nonprofit lab at the University of Massachusetts, provides a comprehensive TickReport and makes the data available to the public.[49][47]

Immunomodulation mechanism

In terms of the mechanism via which infection takes hold we find that ticks upon infestation are able to change systemic immune defenses of their hosts. [50][51]

The ticks saliva induces immunomodulation via downregulation of Th1 cytokines and upregulation of Th2 cytokines, as a consequence the host antibody responses is suppressed. This permits pathogen transmission,[50] which replicate in different skin cells (dermal macrophages, neutrophils and so on).

Mechanism of immunomodulation[50]

Diagnosis

In terms of the diagnosis of Tick-borne disease we find that early in the disease course diagnostic test are limited, however the symptoms demonstrated by the individual as well as the possibility of having been exposed to ticks are important diagnostic information. [4][52]

Prevention

For tick removal grab near the skin. Compressing the body of the tick could cause more toxins to be injected.

Ticks tend to be more active during warmer months, though this varies by geographic region and climate. Areas with woods, bushes, high grass, or leaf litter are likely to have more ticks. Those bitten commonly experience symptoms such as body aches, fever, fatigue, joint pain, or rashes. People can limit their exposure to tick bites by wearing light-colored clothing (including pants and long sleeves), using insect repellent with 20%–30% N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), tucking their pants legs into their socks, checking for ticks frequently, and washing and drying their clothing (in a hot dryer).[53][54]

According to the World Health Organization, tick-to-animal transmission is difficult to prevent because animals do not show visible symptoms; the only effective prevention relies on killing ticks on the livestock production facility.[55]

Ticks should be removed as soon as safely possible once discovered. They can be removed either by grasping tweezers as close to the mouth as possible and pulling without rotation; some companies market grooved tools that rotate the hypostome to facilitate removal. Chemical methods to make the tick self-detach, or trying to pull the tick out with one's fingers, are not efficient methods.[48]

Treatment

Doxycycline

In general, specific laboratory tests are not available for rapid diagnosis of tick-borne diseases. Due to their seriousness, antibiotic treatment is often justified based on presentation alone.[4]

In terms of the medication- antibiotics depend on the type of bacterial infection (as well as if it is a virus or other type of pathogen) [4]

For example for the treatment of Lyme disease the antibiotic Doxycycline is recommended[56]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Boulanger, N.; Boyer, P.; Talagrand-Reboul, E.; Hansmann, Y. (March 2019). "Ticks and tick-borne diseases". Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 49 (2): 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2019.01.007. Archived from the original on 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  2. ↑ Farkas, Josh. "Tick-borne illnesses". EMCrit Project. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  3. ↑ "Tickborne Diseases | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases". www.niaid.nih.gov. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Pace, Emma J.; O'Reilly, Matthew (1 May 2020). "Tickborne Diseases: Diagnosis and Management". American Family Physician. 101 (9): 530–540. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  5. ↑ Taege, Alan (2000). "Overview of tickrborne diseases" (PDF). Cleveland clinic Journal of Medicine. 67 (4). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kumar, Manish; Sharma, Aniket; Grover, Prashant (13 February 2019). "Triple Tick Attack". Cureus. 11 (2): e4064. doi:10.7759/cureus.4064. PMC 6464285. PMID 31016091.
  7. ↑ Mac, Stephen; da Silva, Sara R.; Sander, Beate (4 January 2019). "The economic burden of Lyme disease and the cost-effectiveness of Lyme disease interventions: A scoping review". PLOS ONE. 14 (1): e0210280. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210280. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6319811. PMID 30608986.
  8. ↑ Rochlin, Ilia; Toledo, Alvaro (1 June 2020). "Emerging tick-borne pathogens of public health importance: a mini-review". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 69 (6): 781–791. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001206. ISSN 0022-2615. PMC 7451033. PMID 32478654.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tick-Borne Disease Working Group. 2020 Report to Congress (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Chrobak, Ula (3 February 2022). "Lyme and other tick-borne diseases are on the rise. But why?". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-020222-1. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  11. ↑ Paddock, Christopher D.; Lane, Robert S.; Staples, J. Erin; Labruna, Marcelo B. (21 September 2016). Changing paradigms for tick-borne diseases in the Americas. National Academies Press (US). Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  12. ↑ Zhao, Guo-Ping; Wang, Yi-Xing; Fan, Zheng-Wei; Ji, Yang; Liu, Ming-jin; Zhang, Wen-Hui; Li, Xin-Lou; Zhou, Shi-Xia; Li, Hao; Liang, Song; Liu, Wei; Yang, Yang; Fang, Li-Qun (17 February 2021). "Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 1075. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21375-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7889899. PMID 33597544. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  13. ↑ Tokarz, Rafal; Lipkin, W. Ian (1 July 2021). "Discovery and Surveillance of Tick-Borne Pathogens". Journal of Medical Entomology. 58 (4): 1525–1535. doi:10.1093/jme/tjaa269. ISSN 0022-2585. PMC 8285023. PMID 33313662. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  14. ↑ "Lyme and Other Tickborne Diseases Increasing". Centers for Disease Control. 21 October 2021. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  15. ↑ Gilbert, Lucy (7 January 2021). "The Impacts of Climate Change on Ticks and Tick-Borne Disease Risk". Annual Review of Entomology. 66 (1): 373–388. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-052720-094533. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 33417823. S2CID 231300522. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  16. ↑ Wolcott KA, Margos G, Fingerle V, Becker NS (September 2021). "Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: A review". Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101766. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766. PMID 34161868.
  17. ↑ Mayo Clinic Staff. "Lyme disease: Symptoms". MayoClinic.com. Diseases and Conditions. Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  18. ↑ Mayo Clinic Staff. "Lyme disease: Treatments and drugs". MayoClinic.com. Diseases and Conditions. Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  19. ↑ Rudenko, Nataliia; Golovchenko, Maryna; Grubhoffer, Libor; Oliver, James H. (September 2011). "Updates on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex with respect to public health". Ticks and tick-borne diseases. 2 (3): 123–128. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002. ISSN 1877-959X. Archived from the original on 2024-06-30. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  20. ↑ Snowden, Jessica; Yarrarapu, Siva Naga S.; Oliver, Tony I. (2024). "Relapsing Fever". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2024-05-16. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  21. ↑ Relapsing fever~treatment at eMedicine.
  22. ↑ Relapsing fever at eMedicine.
  23. ↑ "Typhus Fevers Basics". Typhus Fevers. 5 June 2024. Archived from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  24. ↑ Snowden, Jessica; Simonsen, Kari A. (2024). "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  25. ↑ Cazorla, Cécile; Socolovschi, Cristina; Jensenius, Mogens; Parola, Philippe (September 2008). "Tick-borne Diseases: Tick-borne Spotted Fever Rickettsioses in Africa". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 22 (3): 531–544. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.009.
  26. ↑ Lindblom A, Wallménius K, Nordberg M, Forsberg P, Eliasson I, Påhlson C, Nilsson K (March 2013). "Seroreactivity for spotted fever rickettsiae and co-infections with other tick-borne agents among habitants (sic) in central and southern Sweden". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 32 (3): 317–323. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1742-3. PMC 3569577. PMID 22961007.
  27. ↑ MacQueen, Douglas; Centellas, Felipe (September 2022). "Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 36 (3): 639–654. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2022.02.008. ISSN 1557-9824. Archived from the original on 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  28. ↑ Ben Beard C, Nelson CA, Mead PS, Petersen LR (November 2012). "Bartonella spp. Bacteremia and rheumatic symptoms in patients from lyme disease-endemic region". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (11): 1918–1919. doi:10.3201/eid1811.120675. PMC 3559143. PMID 23092626.
  29. ↑ Janecek E, Mietze A, Goethe R, Schnieder T, Strube C (October 2012). "Bartonella spp. infection rate and B. grahamii in ticks". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (10): 1689–1690. doi:10.3201/eid1810.120390. PMC 3471628. PMID 23017501.
  30. ↑ "About Tularemia". Tularemia. 12 June 2024. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  31. ↑ Seo, Jun-Won; Kim, Dayoung; Yun, Nara; Kim, Dong-Min (23 June 2021). "Clinical Update of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome". Viruses. 13 (7): 1213. doi:10.3390/v13071213. ISSN 1999-4915. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  32. ↑ Bogovic, Petra; Strle, Franc (16 May 2015). "Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management". World Journal of Clinical Cases : WJCC. 3 (5): 430–441. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i5.430. ISSN 2307-8960. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  33. ↑ Chiffi, Gabriele; Grandgirard, Denis; Leib, Stephen L.; Chrdle, Aleš; Růžek, Daniel (September 2023). "Tick-borne encephalitis: A comprehensive review of the epidemiology, virology, and clinical picture". Reviews in Medical Virology. 33 (5): e2470. doi:10.1002/rmv.2470. ISSN 1099-1654. Archived from the original on 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  34. ↑ Dobler G (January 2010). "Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses". Veterinary Microbiology. Zoonoses: Advances and Perspectives. 140 (3–4): 221–228. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.024. PMID 19765917.
  35. ↑ "Powassan Virus | Powassan | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-06-16. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  36. ↑ Klasco, Richard (March 2002). "Colorado tick fever". The Medical Clinics of North America. 86 (2): 435–440, ix. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(03)00096-8. ISSN 0025-7125. Archived from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  37. ↑ Kuehnert, Paul A.; Stefan, Christopher P.; Badger, Catherine V.; Ricks, Keersten M. (2021). "Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV): A Silent but Widespread Threat". Current Tropical Medicine Reports. 8 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1007/s40475-021-00235-4. ISSN 2196-3045. Archived from the original on 2023-06-22. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  38. ↑ Pastula DM, Turabelidze G, Yates KF, Jones TF, Lambert AJ, Panella AJ, et al. (March 2014). "Notes from the field: Heartland virus disease - United States, 2012-2013". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 63 (12): 270–271. PMC 5779346. PMID 24670929. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  39. ↑ "Chinese researchers highlight new tick-borne disease, Alongshan virus". CIDRAP - Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. May 29, 2019. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  40. ↑ Zimmer, Andrea J.; Simonsen, Kari A. (2024). "Babesiosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  41. ↑ Reichard, Mason V.; Sanders, Tiana L.; Weerarathne, Pabasara; Meinkoth, James H.; Miller, Craig A.; Scimeca, Ruth C.; Almazán, Consuelo (10 September 2021). "Cytauxzoonosis in North America". Pathogens. 10 (9): 1170. doi:10.3390/pathogens10091170. ISSN 2076-0817.
  42. ↑ Simon, Leslie V.; West, Brian; McKinney, William P. (2024). "Tick Paralysis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2023-06-28. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  43. ↑ "Ticks". medent.usyd.edu.au. Department of Entomology, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital. November 7, 2003. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  44. ↑ Diaz, James Henry (March 2010). "A 60-Year Meta-Analysis of Tick Paralysis in the United States: A Predictable, Preventable, and Often Misdiagnosed Poisoning" (PDF). Journal of Medical Toxicology. 6 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1007/s13181-010-0028-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-30. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  45. ↑ Commins, Scott P (July 2020). "Diagnosis & management of alpha-gal syndrome:lessons from 2,500 patients". Expert review of clinical immunology. 16 (7): 667–677. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2020.1782745. ISSN 1744-666X. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  46. ↑ Eisen, Lars (July 2022). "Personal protection measures to prevent tick bites in the United States: Knowledge gaps, challenges, and opportunities". Ticks and tick-borne diseases. 13 (4): 101944. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101944. ISSN 1877-959X. Archived from the original on 2024-06-28. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "How Lyme Disease Spreads". Lyme Disease. 11 June 2024. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Pitches DW (August 2006). "Removal of ticks: a review of the literature". Euro Surveillance. 11 (8): E060817.4. doi:10.2807/esw.11.33.03027-en. PMID 16966784.
  49. ↑ "Tick-Borne Disease Network". Laboratory of Medical Zoology. University of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 2022-04-05. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Kazimírová, Mária; Thangamani, Saravanan; Bartíková, Pavlína; Hermance, Meghan; Holíková, Viera; Štibrániová, Iveta; Nuttall, Patricia A. (2017). "Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 7: 339. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00339. ISSN 2235-2988. Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  51. ↑ Shi, Junming; Hu, Zhihong; Deng, Fei; Shen, Shu (13 March 2018). "Tick-Borne Viruses". Virologica Sinica. 33 (1): 21–43. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0019-0. ISSN 1674-0769. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  52. ↑ "Tick-Borne Diseases: Frequently Asked Questions | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  53. ↑ "Tick-Borne Diseases". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
  54. ↑ Rahlenbeck S, Fingerle V, Doggett S (September 2016). "Prevention of tick-borne diseases: an overview". The British Journal of General Practice. 66 (650): 492–494. doi:10.3399/bjgp16X687013. PMC 5198687. PMID 27563139.
  55. ↑ "Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  56. ↑ Williams, Alan L.; Bevan, Jeffrey; Arnold, Michael J. (2021). "Lyme Disease: Updated Recommendations from the IDSA, AAN, and ACR". American Family Physician. 104 (6): 652–654. ISSN 1532-0650. Archived from the original on 2024-06-21. Retrieved 2024-06-27.

External links

Classification
External resources
Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Tick-borne_disease&oldid=1417334"