Bruton's tyrosine kinase

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Bruton's tyrosine kinase (abbreviated Btk or BTK), also known as tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, is a tyrosine kinase that is encoded by the BTK gene in humans. BTK plays a crucial role in B cell development.

Structure

BTK contains five different protein interaction domains. These domains include an amino terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a proline-rich TEC homology (TH) domain, SRC homology (SH) domains SH2 and SH3, as well as a kinase domain with enzymatic activity.[1]

Function

BTK plays a crucial role in B cell development as it is required for transmitting signals from the pre-B cell receptor that forms after successful immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement.[2] It also has a role in mast cell activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor.[3]

Btk contains a PH domain that binds phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 binding induces Btk to phosphorylate phospholipase C, which in turn hydrolyzes PIP2, a phosphatidylinositol, into two second messengers, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which then go on to modulate the activity of downstream proteins during B-cell signalling.[citation needed]

Involvement of BTK in B cell receptor signaling
Involvement of BTK in B cell receptor signaling

Clinical significance

BTK inhibitors mechanism of action[4]

Mutations in the BTK gene are implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's agammaglobulinemia); sometimes abbreviated to XLA and selective IgM deficiency.[5] Patients with XLA have normal pre-B cell populations in their bone marrow but these cells fail to mature and enter the circulation. The Btk gene is located on the X chromosome (Xq21.3-q22).[6] At least 400 mutations of the BTK gene have been identified. Of these, at least 212 are considered to be disease-causing mutations.[7]

BTK inhibitors

Approved drugs that inhibit BTK:

Various drugs that inhibit BTK are in clinical trials:[15]

Interactions

Bruton's tyrosine kinase has been shown to interact with:

Discovery

Bruton's tyrosine kinase was discovered in 1993 and is named for Ogden Bruton, who first described XLA in 1952.[6]

References

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Further reading

External links