Crofelemer

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Crofelemer
Names
Pronunciationkroe fel' e mer[1]
Trade namesMytesi, Fulyzaq, others
Other namesSP-303
Clinical data
Drug classBotanical[1]
Main usesNon-infectious diarrhea in HIV/AIDS[2]
Side effectsIntestinal gas, nausea, constipation, cough[1]
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
use		By mouth (tablets)
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa613016
Legal
License data
Legal status
Pharmacokinetics
BioavailabilityLittle or no absorption from the gut
Chemical and physical data
Formula(C15O6,7H12)n
Molar mass860–9100 g·mol−1

Crofelemer, sold under the brand name Mytesi, is a medication used to treat diarrhea in people on treatment for HIV.[2] It should not be used for cases due to infection.[1] It is taken by mouth.[2]

Side effects are generally mild.[1] They may include intestinal gas, nausea, constipation, and cough.[1] Safety in pregnancy is unclear.[3] It is believed to work by blocking cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and calcium-activated chloride channels in the intestines.[1]

Crofelemer was approved for medical use in the United States in 2012.[2] In the United States it costs about 2,400 USD per month as of 2022.[4] It is made from the sap of the South American plant Croton lechleri.[1]

Medical uses

Crofelemer treats the symptoms of disease, but it is not used to treat infectious diarrhea (diarrhea caused by infection of the digestive system by a bacterium, virus or parasite).

Dosage

It may be taken at a dose of 125 mg twice per day.[1]

Mechanism of action

Mechanism of secretory diarrhea;CFTR and CaCC conduct the secretion of chloride ions, Crofelemer binds to the CFTR and CaCC and halts chloride secretion[5]

The drug is taken by mouth and works by voltage-independently blocking two structurally unrelated chloride channels in the gut, namely the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) with an in vitro maximum inhibition of about 60%, and the calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1, with a maximum inhibition of over 90%.[6] This is a hitherto undescribed mechanism of action. As a result of the channel inhibition, fewer chloride ions are excreted into the gut, which also decreases the excretion of sodium ions and water, improving stool consistency and reducing duration of the diarrhea.[7][8] The mechanism seems to be selective as other channels involved in intestinal fluid secretion, namely sodium and potassium channels, are not affected by crofelemer, nor is cAMP or calcium signalling.[6]

The substance is hardly, if at all, absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream, and is consequently excreted with the stool.[8]

Side effects

Crofelemer seems to be well tolerated; the only adverse effects found in clinical studies were mild gastrointestinal effects at the same level as under placebo.[8] Studies regarding interactions with other drugs are still to be conducted.

Chemistry

Croton lechleri bark with a few drops of dragon's blood

It is a botanical drug.[9] The substance is a purified oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the sap, or more correctly the latex, of the South American tree Croton lechleri (locally called Sangre de Grado or Sangre de Drago). This is one of several plants producing bright red latex or resin called "dragon's blood".[6] Crofelemer is a complex mixture of procyanidins and prodelphinidins with up to 30 (epi)catechin or (epi)gallocatechin units per molecule, resulting in a molecular mass of up to 9 kDa.[6]

History

The latex of C. lechleri is traditionally used in South American medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, wounds, inflammations, tumours, insect bites, and other conditions.[6][10] A number of chemicals were isolated in the late 1980s and 1990s and tested in cellular and animal models, for example identifying taspine as a cicatrizant (wound healing promoter).[11] Immunomodulatory, antioxidative, antiproliferative and mutagenic effects of dragon's blood and its components also received some attention from the scientific community. The purified proanthocyanidin fraction was first described in 1994 under the name SP-303 as an antiviral substance,[12] but a study testing it for the treatment of herpes simplex was not successful.[13] In 1999 the drug was reported to improve the symptoms of cholera toxin induced diarrhea in mice.[14]

SP-303 was eventually named crofelemer and patented by Napo Pharmaceuticals, which licensed it to Glenmark Pharmaceuticals in 2005, for exclusive development and marketing rights in 140 emerging markets including India,[15] and to Salix Pharmaceuticals for exclusive development and marketing rights in North America, the European Union and Japan, in 2008.[16] Subsequently, Napo sued Salix and terminated the agreements with Salix and Glenmark in 2011, alleging that they were stalling the drug's development.[17] As of October 2012, crofelemer has completed a Phase III trial and was approved in December 2012 by the FDA for the indication "symptomatic relief of non-infectious diarrhea in patients with HIV/AIDS on anti-retroviral therapy".[18][19]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "Crofelemer". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "DailyMed - MYTESI- crofelemer tablet, coated". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  3. ↑ "Crofelemer Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  4. ↑ "Mytesi Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  5. ↑ Patel, TS; Crutchley, RD; Tucker, AM; Cottreau, J; Garey, KW (2013). "Crofelemer for the treatment of chronic diarrhea in patients living with HIV/AIDS". HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.). 5: 153–62. doi:10.2147/HIV.S30948. PMID 23888120.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Tradtrantip L, Namkung W, Verkman AS (January 2010). "Crofelemer, an antisecretory antidiarrheal proanthocyanidin oligomer extracted from Croton lechleri, targets two distinct intestinal chloride channels". Molecular Pharmacology. 77 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1124/mol.109.061051. PMC 2802429. PMID 19808995.
  7. ↑ H. Spreitzer (10 September 2012). "Neue Wirkstoffe – Crofelemer". Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in Deutsch) (19/2012): 22.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Cottreau J, Tucker A, Crutchley R, Garey KW (February 2012). "Crofelemer for the treatment of secretory diarrhea". Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 6 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1586/egh.11.87. PMID 22149578. S2CID 5426870.
  9. ↑ FDA: What is a Botanical Drug? Archived 2019-04-25 at the Wayback Machine (2017-08-14)
  10. ↑ Jones K (December 2003). "Review of sangre de drago (Croton lechleri)--a South American tree sap in the treatment of diarrhea, inflammation, insect bites, viral infections, and wounds: traditional uses to clinical research". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 9 (6): 877–96. doi:10.1089/107555303771952235. PMID 14736360.
  11. ↑ Vaisberg AJ, Milla M, Planas MC, Cordova JL, de Agusti ER, Ferreyra R, et al. (April 1989). "Taspine is the cicatrizant principle in Sangre de Grado extracted from Croton lechleri". Planta Medica. 55 (2): 140–3. doi:10.1055/s-2006-961907. PMID 2748730.
  12. ↑ Ubillas R, Jolad SD, Bruening RC, Kernan MR, King SR, Sesin DF, et al. (September 1994). "SP-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Drago)". Phytomedicine. 1 (2): 77–106. doi:10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80026-7. PMID 23195881.
  13. ↑ Safrin S, McKinley G, McKeough M, Robinson D, Spruance SL (December 1994). "Treatment of acyclovir-unresponsive cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection with topically applied SP-303". Antiviral Research. 25 (3–4): 185–92. doi:10.1016/0166-3542(94)90002-7. PMID 7710268.
  14. ↑ Gabriel SE, Davenport SE, Steagall RJ, Vimal V, Carlson T, Rozhon EJ (January 1999). "A novel plant-derived inhibitor of cAMP-mediated fluid and chloride secretion". The American Journal of Physiology. 276 (1): G58-63. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.1.G58. PMID 9886979.
  15. ↑ "Glenmark gets an arbitration upshot on anti-diarrheal compound Crofelemer". BusinessLine. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  16. ↑ "Napo Terminates Salix for Breach of Agreement for Failure to Commercially Develop Crofelemer" (Press release). BusinessWire. 10 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  17. ↑ "What's Next In Line For Salix?". RTTNews. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  18. ↑ Drugs.com: Crofelemer Approval Status Archived 2012-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ "FDA approves first anti-diarrheal drug for HIV/AIDS patients". FDA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.

External links

External sites:
Identifiers:
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