List of Brassicales of South Africa
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The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order of flowering plants (anthophytes), belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system.[1] One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate (mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority).[2]
The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.[3]
23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[4] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[5]
The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[6]
Six families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.
Brassicaceae
Family: Brassicaceae,[6]
Alyssum
- Alyssum minutum Schltdl. ex DC. not indigenous, naturalised
Aplanodes
- Aplanodes doidgeana Marais, endemic
- Aplanodes sisymbrioides (Schltr.) Marais, indigenous
Arabidopsis
Genus Arabidopsis:[6]
- Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. not indigenous, naturalised
Barbarea
- Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. not indigenous, naturalised
Brachycarpaea
Genus Brachycarpaea:[6]
- Brachycarpaea juncea (P.J.Bergius) Marais, accepted as Heliophila juncea (P.J.Bergius) Druce, endemic
Brassica
- Brassica elongata Ehrh. subsp, elongata, not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch, not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica rapa L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Brassica tournefortii Gouan, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Camelina
- Camelina rumelica Velen. not indigenous, naturalised
Capsella
- Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. not indigenous, naturalised
Cardamine
- Cardamine africana L. indigenous
- Cardamine flexuosa With. not indigenous, naturalised
- Cardamine hirsuta L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Cardamine impatiens L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A.Rich. indigenous
- Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A.Rich. subsp, trichocarpa, endemic
Cardaria
- Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. accepted as Lepidium draba L. not indigenous, naturalised
Chamira
- Chamira circaeoides (L.f.) Zahlbr. endemic
Cheiranthus
Genus Cheiranthus:[6]
- Cheiranthus linearis Thunb. accepted as Heliophila linearis DC. var, linearis, indigenous
Coronopus
- Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. not indigenous, naturalised
- Coronopus integrifolius (DC.) Spreng. not indigenous, naturalised
- Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz (formerly Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch.) not indigenous, naturalised
Crambe
- Crambe hispanica L. not indigenous, naturalised
Cycloptychis
Genus Cycloptychis:[6]
- Cycloptychis marlothii O.E.Schulz, accepted as Heliophila hurkana Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Cycloptychis virgata (Thunb.) E.Mey. ex Sond. accepted as Heliophila maraisiana Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
Descurainia
Genus Descurainia:[6]
- Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, not indigenous, naturalised
Diplotaxis
Genus Diplotaxis:[6]
- Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. not indigenous, naturalised
- Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. subsp, muralis, not indigenous, naturalised
Eruca
- Eruca sativa Mill. not indigenous, naturalised
Erucastrum
Genus Erucastrum:[6]
- Erucastrum austroafricanum Al-Shehbaz & Warwick, indigenous
- Erucastrum griquense (N.E.Br.) O.E.Schulz, indigenous
- Erucastrum strigosum (Thunb.) O.E.Schulz, indigenous
Heliophila
Genus Heliophila:[6]
- Heliophila acuminata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. endemic
- Heliophila adpressa O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila affinis Sond. endemic
- Heliophila africana (L.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila alpina Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila amplexicaulis L.f. endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, acocksii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, agtertuinensis (O.E.Schulz) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, arenaria, endemic
- Heliophila arenaria Sond. var, glabrescens (O.E.Schulz) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila arenosa Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila brachycarpa Meisn. endemic
- Heliophila brassicifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic
- Heliophila bulbostyla P.E.Barnes, endemic
- Heliophila callosa (L.f.) DC. endemic
- Heliophila carnosa (Thunb.) Steud. indigenous
- Heliophila cedarbergensis Marais, endemic
- Heliophila cinerea Marais, endemic
- Heliophila collina O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila concatenata Sond. endemic
- Heliophila cornellsbergia B.J.Pienaar & Nicholas, endemic
- Heliophila cornuta Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila cornuta Sond. var, cornuta, indigenous
- Heliophila cornuta Sond. var, squamata (Schltr.) Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila coronopifolia L. indigenous
- Heliophila crithmifolia Willd. indigenous
- Heliophila cuneata Marais, endemic
- Heliophila descurva Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila deserticola Schltr. var, deserticola, indigenous
- Heliophila deserticola Schltr. var, micrantha A.Schreib. indigenous
- Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. indigenous
- Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. var, diffusa, endemic
- Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. var, flacca (Sond.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila digitata L.f. endemic
- Heliophila dregeana Sond. endemic
- Heliophila elata Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila elata Sond. var, elata, endemic
- Heliophila elata Sond. var, pillansii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila elongata (Thunb.) DC. endemic
- Heliophila ephemera P.A.Bean, endemic
- Heliophila esterhuyseniae Marais, endemic
- Heliophila eximia Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila filicaulis Marais, endemic
- Heliophila formosa Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Heliophila gariepina Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila glauca Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila hurkana Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila juncea (P.J.Bergius) Druce, endemic
- Heliophila katbergensis Marais, endemic
- Heliophila laciniata Marais, endemic
- Heliophila lactea Schltr. indigenous
- Heliophila latisiliqua E.Mey. ex Sond. var, latisiliqua, accepted as Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, thunbergii, present
- Heliophila latisiliqua E.Mey. ex Sond. var, macrostylis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Marais, accepted as Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, macrostylis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) B.Nord. present
- Heliophila leptophylla Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila linearifolia Burch. ex DC. var, filifolia Sond. accepted as Heliophila coronopifolia L.
- Heliophila linearis DC. endemic
- Heliophila linearis DC. var, linearifolia (Burch. ex DC.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila linearis DC. var, linearis, endemic
- Heliophila linearis DC. var, reticulata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila linoides Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila macowaniana Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila macra Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila macrosperma Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila maraisiana Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila meyeri Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila meyeri Sond. var, meyeri, endemic
- Heliophila meyeri Sond. var, minor Marais, endemic
- Heliophila minima (Stephens) Marais, indigenous
- Heliophila monosperma Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila namaquana Bolus, endemic
- Heliophila namaquensis (Marais) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila nubigena Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila patens Oliv. endemic
- Heliophila pectinata Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila pendula Willd. endemic
- Heliophila pinnata L.f. endemic
- Heliophila promontorii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila pubescens Burch. ex Sond. endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. indigenous
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, lanceolata (Adamson) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, macrosperma Marais, endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, pusilla, endemic
- Heliophila pusilla L.f. var, setacea (Schltr.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila ramosissima O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila refracta Sond. endemic
- Heliophila remotiflora O.E.Schulz, endemic
- Heliophila rigidiuscula Sond. indigenous
- Heliophila rimicola Marais, endemic
- Heliophila scandens Harv. endemic
- Heliophila schulzii Marais, endemic
- Heliophila scoparia Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila scoparia Burch. ex DC. var, aspera (Schltr.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila scoparia Burch. ex DC. var, scoparia, endemic
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. var, marlothii (O.E.Schulz) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. var, nigellifolia (Schltr.) Marais, endemic
- Heliophila seselifolia Burch. ex DC. var, seselifolia, indigenous
- Heliophila suavissima Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila suborbicularis Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
- Heliophila subulata Burch. ex DC. endemic
- Heliophila tabularis Wolley-Dod, endemic
- Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. indigenous
- Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, macrostylis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) B.Nord. endemic
- Heliophila thunbergii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. var, thunbergii, endemic
- Heliophila tricuspidata Schltr. endemic
- Heliophila trifurca Burch. ex DC. indigenous
- Heliophila tulbaghensis Schinz, endemic
- Heliophila variabilis Burch. ex DC. indigenous
Hirschfeldia
Genus Hirschfeldia:[6]
- Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. not indigenous, naturalised
Hymenolobus
Genus Hymenolobus:[6]
- Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt. in Torr. & A.Gray, not indigenous, naturalised
Lepidium
- Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. indigenous
- Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. subsp, africanum, indigenous
- Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. subsp, divaricatum (Aiton) Jonsell, indigenous
- Lepidium basuticum Marais, indigenous
- Lepidium bipinnatum Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium bonariense L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Lepidium campestre R.Br. not indigenous, naturalised
- Lepidium capense Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium desertorum Eckl. & Zeyh. indigenous
- Lepidium draba L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Lepidium ecklonii Schrad. endemic
- Lepidium flexuosum Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium mossii Thell. endemic
- Lepidium myriocarpum Sond. indigenous
- Lepidium pinnatum Thunb. endemic
- Lepidium schinzii Thell. indigenous
- Lepidium schlechteri Thell. endemic
- Lepidium suluense Marais, indigenous
- Lepidium transvaalense Marais, indigenous
- Lepidium trifurcum Sond. indigenous
- Lepidium virginicum L. not indigenous, naturalised
Lobularia
- Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. not indigenous, naturalised
Matthiola
- Matthiola bicornis (Sibth. & Sm.) DC. not indigenous, naturalised
- Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. not indigenous, naturalised
- Matthiola torulosa (Thunb.) DC. indigenous
Nasturtium
Genus Nasturtium:[6]
- Nasturtium officinale R.Br. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Raphanus
- Raphanus raphanistrum L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Raphanus sativus L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised
Rapistrum
- Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Rorippa
- Rorippa fluviatilis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell. indigenous
- Rorippa fluviatilis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell. var, caledonica (Sond.) Marais, indigenous
- Rorippa fluviatilis (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell. var, fluviatilis, indigenous
- Rorippa madagascariensis (DC.) Hara, indigenous
- Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, accepted as Nasturtium officinale R.Br. not indigenous, naturalised
- Rorippa nudiuscula Thell. indigenous
Schlechteria
Genus Schlechteria:[6]
- Schlechteria capensis Bolus, accepted as Heliophila monosperma Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. endemic
Silicularia
Genus Silicularia:[6]
- Silicularia polygaloides (Schltr.) Marais, accepted as Heliophila polygaloides Schltr. endemic
Sinapis
- Sinapis alba L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Sinapis arvensis L. not indigenous, naturalised
Sisymbrium
Genus Sisymbrium:[6]
- Sisymbrium burchellii DC. indigenous
- Sisymbrium burchellii DC. var, burchellii, indigenous
- Sisymbrium capense Thunb. indigenous
- Sisymbrium irio L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. not indigenous, naturalised
- Sisymbrium orientale L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Sisymbrium thellungii O.E.Schulz, accepted as Erucastrum austroafricanum Al-Shehbaz & Warwick, indigenous
- Sisymbrium turczaninowii Sond. indigenous
Thlaspeocarpa
Genus Thlaspeocarpa:[6]
- Thlaspeocarpa capensis (Sond.) C.A.Sm. accepted as Heliophila suborbicularis Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. present
- Thlaspeocarpa namaquensis Marais, accepted as Heliophila namaquensis (Marais) Al-Shehbaz & Mumm. present
Thlaspi
- Thlaspi arvense L. not indigenous, naturalised
Turritis
- Turritis glabra L. not indigenous, naturalised
Capparaceae
Family: Capparaceae,[6]
Bachmannia
Genus Bachmannia:[6]
- Bachmannia woodii (Oliv.) Gilg, endemic
Boscia
- Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Boscia angustifolia A.Rich. var, corymbosa (Gilg) DeWolf, indigenous
- Boscia filipes Gilg, accepted as Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, filipes (Gilg) Lotter, present
- Boscia foetida Schinz, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, filipes (Gilg) Lotter, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, foetida, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, longipedicellata (Gilg) Toelken, endemic
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, minima Toelken, indigenous
- Boscia foetida Schinz subsp, rehmanniana (Pestal.) Toelken, indigenous
- Boscia mossambicensis Klotzsch, indigenous
- Boscia oleoides (Burch. ex DC.) Toelken, endemic
Cadaba
- Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild, indigenous
- Cadaba natalensis Sond. indigenous
- Cadaba termitaria N.E.Br. indigenous
Capparis
- Capparis brassii DC. indigenous
- Capparis fascicularis DC. indigenous
- Capparis fascicularis DC. var, fascicularis, indigenous
- Capparis fascicularis DC. var, zeyheri (Turcz.) Toelken, endemic
- Capparis sepiaria L. indigenous
- Capparis sepiaria L. var, citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken, indigenous
- Capparis sepiaria L. var, subglabra (Oliv.) DeWolf, indigenous
- Capparis tomentosa Lam. indigenous
Cladostemon
Genus Cladostemon:[6]
- Cladostemon kirkii (Oliv.) Pax & Gilg, indigenous
Courbonia
- Courbonia edulis Gilg & Gilg-Ben. accepted as Maerua edulis (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf, present
Maerua
- Maerua angolensis DC. indigenous
- Maerua angolensis DC. subsp, angolensis, indigenous
- Maerua brevipetiolata Killick, indigenous
- Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax, indigenous
- Maerua decumbens (Brongn.) DeWolf, indigenous
- Maerua edulis (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf, indigenous
- Maerua gilgii Schinz, indigenous
- Maerua juncea Pax, indigenous
- Maerua juncea Pax subsp, crustata (Wild) Wild, indigenous
- Maerua nervosa (Hochst.) Oliv. endemic
- Maerua parvifolia Pax, indigenous
- Maerua racemulosa (A.DC.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Maerua rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Maerua schinzii Pax, indigenous
Thilachium
Genus Thilachium:[6]
- Thilachium africanum Lour. indigenous
Cleomaceae
Family: Cleomaceae,[6]
Cleome
- Cleome angustifolia Forssk. indigenous
- Cleome angustifolia Forssk. subsp, diandra (Burch.) Kers, indigenous
- Cleome angustifolia Forssk. subsp, petersiana (Klotzsch ex Sond.) Kers, indigenous
- Cleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv. indigenous
- Cleome conrathii Burtt Davy, indigenous
- Cleome foliosa Hook.f. indigenous
- Cleome foliosa Hook.f. var, lutea (Sond.) Codd & Kers, indigenous
- Cleome gynandra L. indigenous
- Cleome hassleriana Chodat, accepted as Tarenaya hassleriana (Chodat) Iltis, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Cleome hirta (Klotzsch) Oliv. indigenous
- Cleome kalachariensis (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Cleome macrophylla (Klotzsch) Briq. indigenous
- Cleome maculata (Sond.) Szyszyl. indigenous
- Cleome monophylla L. indigenous
- Cleome oxyphylla Burch. indigenous
- Cleome oxyphylla Burch. var, oxyphylla, indigenous
- Cleome oxyphylla Burch. var, robusta Kers, endemic
- Cleome paxii (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. indigenous
- Cleome rubella Burch. indigenous
- Cleome schlechteri Briq. endemic
Tarenaya
- Tarenaya hassleriana (Chodat) Iltis, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Resedaceae
Family: Resedaceae,[6]
Oligomeris
Genus Oligomeris:[6]
- Oligomeris dipetala (Aiton) Turcz. indigenous
- Oligomeris dipetala (Aiton) Turcz. var, dipetala, indigenous
- Oligomeris dregeana (Mull.Arg.) Mull.Arg. indigenous
Reseda
- Reseda lutea L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Reseda lutea L. subsp, lutea var, nutans, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Salvadoraceae
Family: Salvadoraceae,[6]
Azima
- Azima tetracantha Lam. indigenous
Salvadora
- Salvadora australis Schweick. indigenous
- Salvadora persica L. indigenous
- Salvadora persica L. var, persica, indigenous
- Salvadora persica L. var, pubescens Brenan, indigenous
Tropaeolaceae
Family: Tropaeolaceae,[6]
Tropaeolum
Genus Tropaeolum:[6]
- Tropaeolum majus L. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
- Tropaeolum speciosum Poepp. & Endl. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
References
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
- ^ Hall, Jocelyn C.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Iltis, Hugh H. (2002). "Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 89 (11): 1826–1842. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.11.1826. PMID 21665611.
- ^ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082. S2CID 44844947.
- ^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
