2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak

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Since 2020, global cases of avian influenza subtype H5N1 have been rising, with cases reported from every continent as of February 2023 except for Australia and Antarctica.[1][2][3][4] In late 2023, H5N1 was discovered in the Antarctic for the first time, raising fears of imminent spread throughout the region, potentially leading to a "catastrophic breeding failure" among animals that had not previously been exposed to avian influenza viruses.[5] The virus involved in the outbreak is classified in H5 clade 2.3.4.4b.[6][7]

Timeline

Urner Barry Egg Index

Origin

See also: Influenza A virus § Structure and genetics

H5N6 and H5N8 viruses with the H5-2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin (HA) gene became prominent globally among poultry in 2018–2020.[7] In 2020, reassortment (genetic "swapping") between these H5-2.3.4.4b poultry viruses and N1 wild bird viruses led to the emergence of a H5N1 with a H5-2.3.4.4b gene. The virus then spread across Europe, detected there in autumn, before spreading to Africa and Asia.[1] It continues to swap genes with local flu viruses as it travels the globe.[8]: (fig.1) 

2021

In May 2021, H5N1 was detected in wild red foxes in the Netherlands.[9] It was later detected in December in Estonia in wild foxes.[1][10]

2022

In January 2022, an infection in an eighty-year-old man was reported, who raised ducks in England.[1] Also in January, infections were reported from the United States in wild birds.[1] In February, infections were reported from commercial poultry centres in the U.S., and Peru reported infections in sea lions.[1][11] The virus continued to spread further, infecting additional species of mammals. In October, a mink farm in northwest Spain was affected. [1]

A human case of H5N1 was reported in the U.S. in April, "though this detection may have been the result of contamination of the nasal passages with the virus rather than actual infection."[1][12] In September, Spain reported a human case; this was followed by a second case in November, in a person who worked at the same poultry farm as the first. Both were asymptomatic.[1][13] In November, China reported a human case, infected due to contact with poultry. The case died from their infection.[1]

2023

Antarctic islands

H5N1 was first detected in the islands of the Antarctic region in October 2023, via a brown skua on Bird Island, near South Georgia. Within several months, hundreds of elephant seals were found dead, as well as fur seals, kelp gulls and further brown skua.[14]

Arctic

In December 2023, conservation officials confirmed that a polar bear had died of H5N1 near Alaska's northernmost city, Utqiagvik.[14]

Cambodia

In February 2023, Cambodia reported the death of a girl due to H5N1 infection after developing symptoms on 16 February.[15][16] The girl's father also tested positive for the virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) described the situation as "worrying" and urged "heightened vigilance".[17][18][19] Further sequencing determined that at least one of the two cases was from an older H5N1 clade, 2.3.2.1c, which had circulated as a common H5N1 strain in Cambodia for many years, rather than the more recent clade 2.3.4.4b, which had caused mass poultry deaths since 2020. This older clade had jumped to humans in the past yet hadn't previously resulted in any known human-to-human transmission.[20]

On March 1, 2023, as Taiwan raised its travel alert for Cambodia, the WHO and the U.S. Center for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC), in concert with Cambodian authorities, determined that both of the individuals had been infected through direct contact with poultry.[21][22]

South America

In late February 2023, Argentina confirmed a case of H5N1 in industrial poultry, in the Rio Negro province. Avian product exports were suspended as a result.[23]

In March 2023, H5N1 was detected in black-necked swan populations in Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary, Chile and Uruguay.[24][25] In Uruguay the death of ten swans found in the locality of Estación Tapia was attributed to flu.[25] Previously in Uruguay ten hens had died because of the flu in El Monarca, Montevideo.[25]

In late March 2023, Chile detected H5N1 in a 53 year-old man who had severe symptoms.[26] The patient survived but had to stay on a ventilator. The virus was determined to be in the 2.3.4.4b lineage.[27]

In September 2023, Uruguay reported upwards of 400 seals and sea lions found dead of H5N1 on the nation's Atlantic coastline and along the River Plate.[28]

According to a 2024 paper, a large outbreak of H5N1 killed 70% of elephant seal pups born in the 2023 breeding season. In surveyed areas of Península Valdés, Argentina, seal mortality rates exceed 96%.[6] A February 2024 article reports that the outbreak in South America has, since 2022, killed at least 600,000 wild birds and 50,000 mammals.[6]

Canada

On April 1 a domestic dog in Oshawa, Canada was tested positive for H5N1.[29]

Brazil

On May 22, Brazil declared an 180-day "animal health emergency" in response to eight cases of H5N1 found in wild birds. Although Brazil's major poultry-producing regions are in the country's south and the infections were found in Espirito Santo state and Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, as the world's largest exporter of chicken meat, created an emergency operations center to plan for and mitigate potential further spread of H5N1.[30]

2024

Southeast Asia

A cluster of five human infections of H5N1 occurred in Cambodia in late January and early February. All patients had recent contact with sick poultry. One patient died. Sequencing of two of the patients indicate that they were infected by clade 2.3.2.1c, which is not the same same as the 2.3.4.4b clade virus that is causing global outbreaks in the US and beyond.[31] A person in Vietnam died of H5N1 infection around the same time.[32] It remains unreported which clade of H5 virus the patient in Vietnam was infected by. However, an April 2024 statement from the FAO reports that recent (~2023) reassortment in the Greater Mekong Subregion has produced viruses that carry internal genes from the new 2.3.4.4b virus but the H5 gene from the old 2.3.2.1c lineage. The FAO also states that the new type of virus is implicate in human cases, but it does not specify which.[33]

On April 5, the Philippines reported a H5N1 outbreak on a poultry farm in Leyte, which killed 4,475 birds. Earlier in the year, the Philippines Department of Agriculture temporarily banned poultry exports from several countries including Japan, Belgium, and France.[34]

India

On April 18, a H5N1 outbreak was detected in ducks in two parts in Alappuzha district, Kerala. The disease was confirmed in a lab for ducks reared in the area. The District Collector has decided to initiate the process of culling domestic birds within a 1 kilometre radius from the epicentre of the outbreak.[35]

USA

The US CDC continues to report "widespread" occurrence in wild birds, "sporadic outbreaks" in poultry flocks, and "sporadic infections" as of March 2024.[36] As of March 8, 2024, the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) had recorded around 20 mammal species confirmed as being able to be infected by H5N1.[37] Also in March 2024, H5N1 was confirmed to have infected farmed goats and cows in the USA.[38][39]

On April 2, a dairy worker in Texas became infected and strong indications of cow-to-cow spread were evident as cow herds in five different states became ill.[40] A few days later on April 4, H5N1 was confirmed to have spread to several additional dairy herds in six US states including Texas, along with Idaho, Kansas, New Mexico, Ohio and Michigan. Scientists have deemed these to be either cow-to-cow transmission or spillover from wild birds.[41][42][43] On April 11, H5N1 was found in dairy cattle herds in North Carolina and South Dakota.[44][45]

On April 10, researchers found several cases of HPAI H5N1 in animals in New York City, including three Canada geese, a red-tailed hawk, a peregrine falcon, and a chicken.[46][47]

On April 26, FDA said one in five U.S commercial milk samples tested positive for traces of bird flu.[48]

Antarctica

H5N1 was detected in dead birds on the Antarctic mainland for the first time in February 2024.[49] In February, scientists found H5N1 in 12 Antarctic skua seabirds carcasses on Beak Island. Additional cases have also been found at Hope Bay and on the Devil and Paulet islands. In March, scientists detected the virus in the nine Adélie penguins and one Antarctic cormorant.[50]

Control

H5-2.3.4.4b can be prevented by vaccination in chickens. The H5-Re14 (2.3.4.4b) strain used in updated vaccines since 2022 is a reasonably good match for the new virus.[8]

See also

References

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External links

Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/2020–2024_H5N1_outbreak"