Winter-over syndrome
| Winter-over syndrome | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Midday during a polar winter in Finnmark, Norway. Note that the sun has not fully risen. | |
| Symptoms | Depression, insomnia, hostility, anger/irritability, diminished cognitive performance, mild hypnotic states, irritable bowel syndrome |
| Duration | 7-8 months (Polar winter) |
| Causes | Psychological stresses and isolation at research stations in Antarctica and the Arctic in winter |
| Treatment | End of winter and/or departure from polar regions |
The winter-over syndrome is a condition that occurs in individuals who "winter-over" throughout the Antarctic (or Arctic) winter, which can last seven to eight months.[1] It has been observed in inhabitants of research stations in Antarctica, as well as in polar bases such as Thule, Alert and Eureka. It consists of a variety of behavioral and medical disturbances, including irritability, depression, insomnia, absentmindedness, aggressive behavior, and irritable bowel syndrome.[2][3]
Contributing factors
The Antarctic winter is a period of no physical contact with other continents or Antarctic stations, including no airplanes, ships, or mail. The area has the driest desert climate on Earth, a low air pressure, and an oxygen-poor atmosphere. It is completely cut off during winter, with a mean temperature of −51 °C (−60 °F), and the lowest recorded temperature is −85 °C (−121 °F).[4] For these reasons, the immobility, monotony, harsh physical environment, sexual deprivation, and the general isolation are believed to contribute to increased anxiety and depression among the residents of Antarctic stations.[1]
Several studies have been done over the years to determine the contributing causes, or stresses, of "winter-over" syndrome. These include stress, social isolation, subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder and polar T3 syndrome.[5][2] The cold, danger, and hardships do not appear to be major stresses. The most important psychological stresses appear to be the problems of individual adjustment to the group, the relative monotony of the environment, and the absence of certain accustomed sources of emotional satisfaction.[6] In addition to isolation from the outside world, there is confinement or a lack of isolation within the research stations themselves. During field work conducted at the McMurdo and South Pole stations in 1988 and 1989, informants complained that the lack of privacy and constant gossip within the community had a negative influence on social relationships, especially between men and women. As a result, 60% of one's leisure time is spent alone in a dorm room, whereas others are forced to work and live in confined spaces due to the nature of their work.[7]
Symptoms
While research around the winter-over syndrome dates back to the 1950s, there is no set of exclusive indicators that can typically reveal a diagnosis of the same. "Our analyses of the human experience in Antarctica suggest that there are few, if any, traits that serve as useful predictors of performance during the austral winter," Palinkas wrote in a paper called "The Psychology of Antarctic Research." Some of the symptoms included depression, insomnia, anger or irritability, feelings of hostility towards those around you, diminished cognitive performance including difficulty in concentration and memory, absentmindedness, and the occurrence of mild hypnotic states known as 'long-eye' or the 'Antarctic stare'.[8]
Bill Spindler, documenting his extensive research on the Antarctic, attributes the effects of sensory deprivation, isolation, and maybe even the effect of extreme cold on the thyroid gland which can cause memory loss, sleepiness or sluggishness.[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b Oliver, Donna (1979). "Some Psychological Effects Of Isolation and Confinement In An Antarctic Winter-over Group". Dissertation. ProQuest 302983797.
- ^ a b Palinkas LA. "On the ice: Individual and group adaptation in Antarctica" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ PALINKAS, LAWRENCE A. "Association between the Polar T3 Syndrome and the Winter-Over Syndrome in Antarctica". NSF.org. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ "How cold is the Antarctic?". NIWA. 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
- ^ Palinkas LA, Reed HL, Do NV (1997). "Association between the Polar T3 Syndrome and the Winter-Over Syndrome in Antarctica". Antarctic Journal of the United States Review 1997. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Mullin, Captain Charles (October 1960). "Some Psychological Aspects of Isolated Antarctic Living". American Journal of Psychiatry. 117 (4): 323–325. doi:10.1176/ajp.117.4.323. PMID 13726749.
- ^ Palinkas, Lawrence (1992). "Going to Extremes: The Cultural Context of Stress, Illness, and Coping In Antarctica". Social Science and Medicine. 35 (5): 651–664. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90004-A. PMID 1439916.
- ^ Cravalho, Mark Andrew (December 1996). "Toast on Ice: The Ethnopsychology of the Winter-over Experience in Antarctica". Ethos. 24 (4): 628–656. doi:10.1525/eth.1996.24.4.02a00030. ISSN 0091-2131.
- ^ "Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (Bill Spindler's Antarctica)". www.southpolestation.com. Retrieved 2019-09-21.