Video:Campylobacteriosis

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Description

Campylobacteriosis is an infection by the Campylobacter bacterium, most commonly C. jejuni.[1][2]Campylobacteriosis is usually self-limiting and antimicrobial treatment is often not required, except in severe cases or immunocompromised individuals.[3] The most known source for Campylobacter is poultry, but due to their diverse natural reservoir, Campylobacter spp. can also be transmitted via water.[4]

Presentation

Early symptoms may include fever, headache, and muscle pain, which can be severe, and last as long as 24 hours. After 1 to 5 days, typically, these are followed by diarrhea or dysentery, cramps, abdominal pain, and fever, in most people, the illness lasts for 2 to 10 days. [5][6][7][8]

Complications

Complications include toxic megacolon, dehydration and sepsis. Such complications generally occur in young children and immunocompromised people.[9]

Cause

Campylobacteriosis is caused by Campylobacter bacteria which are curved or spiral, motile, non–spore-forming, Gram-negative rods. The disease is usually specifically due to C. jejuni, a spiral and comma-shaped bacterium normally found in cattle, swine, and birds, where it is nonpathogenic.[10]

Transmission

The common routes of transmission for the disease-causing bacteria are fecal-oral, person-to-person sexual contact, ingestion of contaminated food , generally unpasteurized (raw) milk and undercooked or poorly handled poultry. Contact with contaminated poultry, livestock, or household pets, can also cause disease.[11][12][13]

Diagnosis

Campylobacter organisms can be detected by performing a Gram stain of a stool sample with high specificity and sensitivity, but are most often diagnosed by stool culture.[14][15]

Differential diagnosis

In terms of the differential diagnosis we find the following should be considered,Amebiasis,inflammatory bowel disease, Salmonella infection ,and viral gastroenteritis.[16]

Prevention

In terms of prevention the World Health Organization recommends the following,food should be properly cooked and hot when served, consume only pasteurized or boiled milk and milk products, never raw milk products. If you are not sure of the safety of drinking water, boil it, or disinfect it with chemical disinfectant, and finally wash hands thoroughly and frequently with soap, especially after contact with pets and farm animals.[17][18]

Treatment

The infection is usually self-limiting, and in most cases, symptomatic treatment by liquid and electrolyte replacement is enough in human infections.[19]

Epidemiology

Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis.[20] For instance, an estimated 2 million cases of Campylobacter enteritis occur annually in the U.S., accounting for 5 to 7 percent of cases of gastroenteritis. Furthermore, in the United Kingdom during 2000, Campylobacter jejuni was involved in 77 (point) 3 percent in all cases of laboratory confirmed foodborne illness.[21] About 20 of every 100 thousand people are diagnosed with campylobacteriosis every year, and with many cases going unreported.[22]

References

  1. ↑ cdc.gov Archived 10 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Centers for disease Control and Prevention
  2. ↑ Barlow, Gavin; Irving, William L.; Moss, Peter J. (2020). "20. Infectious disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 539–541. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  3. ↑ Skarp CP, Hänninen ML, Rautelin HI (February 2016). "Campylobacteriosis: the role of poultry meat". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 22 (2): 103–109. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.019. PMID 26686808.
  4. ↑ Humphrey, Tom; O'Brien, Sarah; Madsen, Mogens (15 July 2007). "Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: A food production perspective". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 117 (3): 237–257. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006. ISSN 0168-1605. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  5. ↑ Merrell, D. Scott; Stintzi, Alain (2012). "Research advances in the study of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Related Organisms". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2: 159. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00159. PMC 3525878. PMID 23267439.
  6. ↑ "Symptoms | Campylobacter | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 23 December 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  7. ↑ Fischer, Greg H.; Paterek, Elizabeth (2023). "Campylobacter". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30725718. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  8. ↑ Dooley, C. P. (1991). "Helicobacter pylori: review of research findings". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 5 Suppl 1: 129–143. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00756.x. ISSN 0269-2813. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  9. ↑ Saxena, Shailendra K. (21 November 2019). Water-Associated Infectious Diseases. Springer Nature. p. 33. ISBN 978-981-13-9197-2. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  10. ↑ Forsythe, Stephen J. (7 January 2020). The Microbiology of Safe Food. John Wiley & Sons. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-119-40501-6. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  11. ↑ Saenz Y, Zarazaga M, Lantero M, Gastanares MJ, Baquero F, Torres C (2000). "Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter strains isolated from animals, foods, and humans in Spain in 1997–1998". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 44 (2): 267–71. doi:10.1128/AAC.44.2.267-271.2000. PMC 89669. PMID 10639348.
  12. ↑ Mughini-Gras, Lapo; Pijnacker, Roan; Coipan, Claudia; Mulder, Annemieke C.; Fernandes Veludo, Adriana; de Rijk, Sharona; van Hoek, Angela H.A.M.; Buij, Ralph; Muskens, Gerard; Koene, Miriam; Veldman, Kees; Duim, Birgitta; van der Graaf-van Bloois, Linda; van der Weijden, Coen; Kuiling, Sjoerd; Verbruggen, Anjo; van der Giessen, Joke; Opsteegh, Marieke; van der Voort, Menno; Castelijn, Greetje A.A.; Schets, Franciska M.; Blaak, Hetty; Wagenaar, Jaap A.; Zomer, Aldert L.; Franz, Eelco (February 2021). "Sources and transmission routes of campylobacteriosis: A combined analysis of genome and exposure data". Journal of Infection. 82 (2): 216–226. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.039. PMID 33275955. S2CID 227297981. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  13. ↑ Silva, Joana; Leite, Daniela; Fernandes, Mariana; Mena, Cristina; Gibbs, Paul Anthony; Teixeira, Paula (2011). "Campylobacter spp. as a Foodborne Pathogen: A Review". Frontiers in Microbiology. 2. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00200. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  14. ↑ "Diagnosis and Treatment | Campylobacter | CDC". web.archive.org. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  15. ↑ "Bacteria Culture Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  16. ↑ "Campylobacter Infections Differential Diagnoses". emedicine.medscape.com.
  17. ↑ "Campylobacter". Health Topics A TO Z. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  18. ↑ "Campylobacter". USDA. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  19. ↑ "Diagnosis and Treatment". The CDC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  20. ↑ "Gastritis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  21. ↑ "Food Standards Agency". food.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  22. ↑ "Questions and Answers | Campylobacter | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 16 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
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