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E-cigarette users blowing a cloud of aerosol (vapor).
E-cigarette users blowing a cloud of aerosol (vapor)

Cloud-chasing is the activity of blowing large clouds of aerosol using an electronic cigarette.[2] Using the devices for "cloud-chasing" began in the West Coast of the US.[2] The exact origins of the activity are unclear,[3] but most competitive e-cigarette users say that it started around 2012.[4] In 2015, competitive vaping was increasing in popularity internationally, spreading from the US and Canada to Indonesia.[3] In 2016, cloud-chasing began to undergo an abrupt drop in popularity as shown by persistent drop-offs in searches for cloud-chasing, according to information from Google Trends.[5] Cloud-chasing is a recreational activity[6] and a hobby.[7]

Some cloud-chasers known as "professional vapers" take part in cloud-blowing contests in what is a called a "cloud competition",[2] competing against one another to exhale the largest and most interesting clouds of vapor,[8] sometimes in shapes.[9] Competitive vaping is attracting spectators, known as "cloud-gazers".[10] There are rules and judges.[11] Cloud-chasing integrates technique, air flow, and using the appropriate technology.[1] A handful of later-generation e-cigarettes are designed to create large plumes of vapor.[12] Most cloud-chasers do not use nicotine.[13] Many users avoid liquid mixtures containing propylene glycol and nicotine, instead they use higher amounts of glycerin to produce larger plumes of vapor.[note 1][7] The majority of vapers go for sub ohm tanks or rebuildable atomizers for producing more vapor.[15]

As of 2019, the harm associated with exposure to e-cigarette emissions when performing vape tricks is not well known.[16] Most tricks are performed using advanced devices that reach high temperatures, producing greater levels of harmful chemicals (i.e., formaldehyde, acrolein, and diacetyl).[16] Performing vape tricks may also involve different puffing patterns than typical e-cigarette use.[16] If vape tricks require deeper or longer inhalations, this pattern could potentially result in increased exposure to harmful emissions.[16] The exhaled e-cigarette aerosol can build up in the ambient air.[17] The e-cigarette aerosol may be inhaled by non-users who are in close proximity to the e-cigarette user.[17]

As vaping comes under increased scrutiny, some members of the vaping community have voiced their concerns about cloud-chasing, claiming the practice gives vapers a bad reputation when doing it in public.[12] Some vapers are concerned that the vaping competitions bring a stigma to vaping by making the activity appear more comparable to gaming activities.[3] Social media sites like YouTube can be used for demonstrating vape tricks.[18] There are vaping tricks competitions.[19] The participants are known as "vaping tricksters".[19]

History

Electronic cigarettes gained popularity in the US in 2007.[20] Using the devices for "cloud-chasing" began in the West Coast of the US.[2] The exact origins of the activity are unclear,[3] but most competitive e-cigarette users say that it started around 2012.[4] This activity appears to be the natural by-product of the growth of the vaping culture.[21] "When automotive manufacturers first started out, they were not thinking about a sport to be called Formula One. You always have groups of people who are looking for excitement," Hon Lik said in respect to cloud-chasing in 2015.[6] The best cloud-chasers have been on various international variations of the Britain's Got Talent televised contest.[22]

Health concerns

The harm associated with exposure to e-cigarette emissions when performing vape tricks is not well known.[16] Doing vape tricks pose a potential serious problem for vaping among youth.[23] Most tricks are performed using advanced devices that reach high temperatures, producing greater levels of harmful chemicals (i.e., formaldehyde, acrolein, and diacetyl).[16] Performing vape tricks may also involve different puffing patterns than typical e-cigarette use.[16] If vape tricks require deeper or longer inhalations, this pattern could potentially result in increased exposure to harmful emissions.[16] A cloud-chasing competition might trigger an extra "performing" effort involving higher puff volume.[24]

Heating or pyrolysis of glycerin may create formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehydes in the e-cigarette aerosol.[17] This is a distinctly concerning with second-generation and third-generation devices with modifiable voltages, and possibly also devices with low-resistance coils.[17] Later-generation devices with modifiable voltages, which let users to create a denser aerosol, contain greater levels of the human carcinogen formaldehyde, a product of propylene glycol and glycerin, in the emissions.[17] The exhaled e-cigarette aerosol can build up in the ambient air.[17] The e-cigarette aerosol may be inhaled by non-users who are in close proximity to the e-cigarette user.[17] Glycerin's higher boiling point requires the heating element to reach higher temperatures, resulting in a greater risk of toxicant emissions.[14] Vape clouds produced from a high concentration of glycerin liquid solution results in an amplified urge to vape than vape clouds produced from a low concentration of glycerin liquid solution.[25]

Prevalence

A person exhaling a cloud of aerosol (vapor)
A person exhaling a cloud of aerosol (vapor)

Social media does have a role in cloud-chasing.[26] The traffic through social media can be significant.[26] The internet and social media have become a powerful source of influence for both adolescents and young adults.[27] The advertisement of e-cigarettes has been mainly found in online sources.[27] For instance, a large number of e-cigarette vaping-related videos are available on TikTok, a short form social media platform popular among adolescents and young adults.[27] These vaping-related TikTok videos were largely found to positively depict e-cigarette use.[27] Vaping-related TikTok videos include videos that show people preforming vaping tricks.[28]

It was well publicized around 2014, when sites such as Mashable, Gizmodo, The Guardian, and HuffPost ran featured articles on the activity.[9] In 2015, competitive vaping began increasing in popularity internationally, spreading from the US and Canada to Indonesia.[3] Some studies suggest that vape tricks may be a popular activity among e-cigarette users, especially among youth.[16] Vaping contests are arranged in many vape trade shows internationally.[29] Most cloud-chasers are male.[30] Most who compete in contests are men.[31] Many cloud-chasers are young teens.[32] In 2015, the competitions were becoming a routine event at local vape shops.[33] Many vape shops organize cloud-chasing events.[34] Some vape shops believe it is overdoing it to organize cloud-chasing competitions at vape shops.[35] Some vape shops lets minors watch cloud-chasing competitions even though they are not allowed to compete in the contests.[36] Cloud-chasing contests appear to be intended to bring in new shoppers and increase e-cigarette business.[35] Contests have also been held at local strip malls,[37] such as in Texas[38] and New Jersey.[39] In 2015, almost half of vaping trade show organizations promote contests such as cloud-chasing.[40]

In 2016, cloud-chasing began to undergo an abrupt drop in popularity as shown by persistent drop-offs in searches for cloud-chasing, according to information from Google Trends.[5] The regulatory actions by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2016 and in 2019 probably contributed to the drops in youth vaping and changing beliefs towards viewable vaping activities such as cloud chasing, in favor of those that are less conspicuous.[5] The vaping-induced lung illness that started in the spring of 2019 as well as the COVID-19 crisis that started in the winter of 2019 also probably contributed to the drop in appeal to cloud-chasing.[5] The shifts in vaping behaviors amid the COVID-19 pandemic are diverse and probably attributable to stay-at-home orders, business lockdowns, and lung health anxieties.[5] After the COVID-19 pandemic, it is uncertain whether the elevated reluctancy to take part in cloud-chasing activities will go back to their previous popularity highs in teenagers and young adults.[5]

Recreational activity

A person exhaling a cloud of arenol.
A person exhaling a cloud of aerosol
E-cigarette user blowing a cloud of aerosol.
E-cigarette user blowing a cloud of aerosol.

Vapers who enjoy blowing large plumes of vapor are known as cloud-chasers.[1] Cloud-chasing is a recreational activity[6] and a hobby.[7] It is popular with many e-cigarette users.[41] There are extensive gatherings of e-cigarette users, known as "vape meets", where participants exchange devices and flavors.[42] Where there are vape meets, e-cigarette users exhibit their customized mod devices.[43] Vape meets are organized by people and businesses.[44] There are large, tiny, local, and national vape meets.[45] Many vape meets include cloud-chasing contests and vaping tricks.[46] Some cloud-chasers demonstrate their skill where anybody can notice.[47] They use devices designed to produce larger amounts of vapor.[47] There are hundreds of YouTube videos showing people engaging in blowing clouds of vapor using e-cigarettes.[48] YouTube is flooded with advice for creating large clouds of vapor.[49]

Others have been known as "flavor aficionados" who seek the ideal e-liquid and can determine a liquid by its aroma.[50] As e-cigarette use has increased, it has attracted many flavor aficionados in the US.[51] It is frequent to notice flavor aficionados put a small amount of e-liquid on their hand for a speedy taste test.[52] They assert to be capable of determining the difference between "gourmet" e-liquid and commercially promoted e-liquid.[52] Some flavor aficionados are okay with large clouds coupled with full flavor, while others think it is foolish.[52]

Competitions

Cloud-chasers

A person exhaling a cloud of aerosol
A person exhaling a cloud of aerosol

Some cloud-chasers known as "professional vapers" (or "vape gods"[53]) take part in cloud-blowing contests in what is a called a "cloud competition",[2] competing against one another to exhale the largest and most interesting clouds of vapor,[8] sometimes in shapes[9] such as rings, balls, streams, or ripples,[54] or doing tricks like the French inhale.[55] The French inhale is exhaling the vapor out of the mouth and inhaling it into the nose at the same time, forming a cloud over the upper lip.[55] Men and women participate in cloud competitions.[56] Many teenagers participate in cloud competitions.[57] Competitive vaping is attracting spectators, known as "cloud-gazers".[10]

Events

External video
- VC Cloud Championships - Vape Summit - Men's Cloud

The first professional cloud competition in the US was held in Carlsbad, California in late September 2014.[1] Two major cloud competitions in the US are the International Cloud Championships in California, and the World Series of Vape, in Las Vegas.[58] The World Series of Cloud Chasing contest took place in the UK in 2016.[59] The Vape Capitol Cloud Championships is one of the largest cloud contests in the US.[4] There are also competitions in New Jersey, Illinois, New Mexico,[2] and at the Vaporium in New York.[60] The Vape Olympics is an annual event that began 2015.[61] The Canadian Cloud Circuit began in Ontario, Canada in 2015.[62] VapeShow Prague took place in the Czech Republic in 2017.[63]

Some consider it to be a sport[20] and it has gotten more formal over time.[64] Competitors can win prize money typically in the range of $250 to $2,000.[65] The World Vaping Championship has a total prize purse of $100,000.[66] Some regional contests offer cash winnings.[33] E-cigarette companies will frequently pay e-cigarette users who have demonstrated themselves makers of amazing clouds.[31] Tournaments are commonly sponsored by e-cigarette companies.[67] Some competitors are sponsored by e-cigarette companies.[10] This counteracts travel and equipment expenses.[3] There are also teams.[3] Some sponsors are organizing teams.[3] A Competitive Vaping League is being developed.[3] Several vape shops in Dallas, North Carolina, Los Angeles, Canada, and Indonesia are beginning to host competitions in order to promote new e-liquid flavors.[37]

Rules

There are rules and judges.[11] A list of rules are explained on a number of websites.[11] Vapers compete by standing back-to-back when blowing the cloud of vapor.[68] The clouds of vapor are evaluated on "girth, length, and overall size density".[31] The person who exhales the larger cloud of vapor moves on to the next meeting.[68] The cloud of vapor is measured using a yardstick[69] or by a ruler on the wall next to the competitor.[10] In Plano, Texas in 2015, the cloud of vapor reached about 5 feet.[3] The cloud was measured at 6 feet from another vaper.[3] The judge Matt Maynard said, "There is a skill to being able to keep a ball of vapor together without it dissipating."[3]

Usage

Customization

A customized mod e-cigarette device designed for cloud-chasing.
A customized mod e-cigarette device designed for cloud-chasing
A person performing a vape trick.
A person performing a vape trick
A person performing a vape trick.
A person performing a vape trick

Cloud-chasing integrates technique, air flow, and using the appropriate technology.[1] A handful of later-generation e-cigarettes are designed to create large plumes of vapor.[12] The devices are customized.[70] Users experiment with numerous component combinations.[71] A growing subclass of e-cigarette enthusiasts called cloud-chasers assemble their atomizers in such a way that can produce extremely large amounts of vapor by using heating coils with a resistance of less than 1 ohm (Ω).[72]

E-cigarette blogs recommend various configurations of batteries and various kinds of e-liquid to generate the largest vapor or do the greatest tricks.[46] Vapers on Reddit, vaping forums, and blogs have indicated there is a risk associated with modifying an e-cigarette to generate more vapor.[73] By using a coil with very low resistance, the batteries used can be stressed beyond the margins of what could be considered safe use.[74] This could present a risk of dangerous battery failures.[74] If an unregulated mod is not set up correctly the battery could overheat.[75] "Unless you are an expert in electrical engineering it's probably better to stick to regulated mods," according to reporter Alex Cranz.[75] A higher resistance above 0.1 ohms is recommended for onlookers and user safety.[11]

Cloud-chasers are not always interested in the nicotine released from the vapor.[13] Most cloud-chasers do not use nicotine.[13] Many users do not use liquid mixtures that are made without propylene glycol and nicotine, instead they prefer higher amounts of glycerin to produce larger plumes of vapor.[7] Isobutavan is used to thicken the e-liquid for cloud-chasing.[76] Dripping, where the liquid is dripped directly onto the atomizer, seems to be the preferred option among vapers who take part in smoke tricks, including cloud-chasing.[77] Youth state that they do not use e-liquids containing nicotine while doing vaping tricks.[46] Professor Fiona Measham, who led a smoking-related research project stated, "Among some more experienced vapers who prioritise competency in 'cloud chasing' skills, nicotine is actively avoided as it could disrupt their vaping 'performances', particularly given the quantities consumed".[60] Vape shops in the US have held classes to teach users how to build an e-cigarette that can generate large clouds of vapor.[13]

E-cigarette device

Because of its increased thickness and denseness, e-cigarette users state that e-liquid with high levels of glycerin is harmful to the e-cigarette device and reduces the effect of the flavor additive.[78]

Aerosol production

The majority of vapers choose sub ohm tanks or rebuildable atomizers for producing more vapor.[15] Cig-a-likes generate considerably less vapor compared to customized mods.[29] Customized mods generate considerably more vapor compared to basic 'eGo' type devices.[79] A higher power setting by using a variable voltage device increases vapor volume.[15] Increasing airflow over the coil increasing vapor output.[15] This requires an atomizer with an adjustable airflow.[15] For vapers using sub ohm tanks or rebuildables with plenty of airflow, inhaling kind of quickly gets better results from the airflow.[15] When the airflow is opened too much it creates thin and weak vapor.[15] The way the vaper inhales can affect the vapor being created.[15] Before exhaling cloud-chasers inhale directly into the lungs as opposed to mouth-to-lung inhaling by most vapers.[80]

Motivation

The ability to produce large clouds of vapor and perform vape tricks was enticing for young adults.[81] Several young adults said that one of the reasons they vape is for doing tricks.[82] Doing tricks is one of the main reasons teens said they vape.[36] A 2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey of US students from grades 6-12 found that one of the reasons reported for using e-cigarettes is to preform vape tricks.[83]

Debate

As vaping comes under increased scrutiny, some members of the vaping community have voiced their concerns about cloud-chasing, claiming the practice gives vapers a bad reputation when doing it in public.[12] Long-term vapers maintain that some vaping newbies are making the industry's image look bad by exhaling large clouds in public.[12] Some vapers are concerned that the vaping competitions bring a stigma to vaping by making the activity appear more comparable to gaming activities.[3] Some vapers believe that cloud-chasers are partly responsible for the negative media attention.[12] Many vapers believe that cloud-chasers gives vaping a negative reputation, resulting in increased public opinion for regulation.[84] Selena Rockwell, working for the Council on Alcohol & Drug Abuse said "That's very concerning because it turns it more into a game."[85] Cheryl Richter, the financial secretary of the National Vapers Club said that "it gives vaping a bad name, and we don't need negative publicity."[3] Though, cloud-chasers dismiss the naysayers.[3]

Some restaurants and bars have banned e-cigarette use.[47] Others permit e-cigarette use but do not allow cloud-chasing.[47] Many vapers openly condemn the activity, saying that those who attempt to blow the large amount of vapor indoors will lead to those who are still doubtful about vaping to support restricting their use.[9] In 2016 the US Department of Transportation prohibited vaping, including cloud-chasing, on commercial flights.[86]

Related practices

Vape tricks

Vaping trick known as the smoke ring.
Vaping trick known as the smoke ring.
Vaping trick known as the dragon.
Vaping trick known as the dragon.

The exhaling methods used to produce smoke rings while smoking can be employed to produce rings of aerosol while vaping.[87] Men and women use e-cigarettes to take part in various vape tricks.[88]: M [89]: W  Teenagers use e-cigarettes to take part in tricks like blowing O's,[90] smoke rings,[91] tornado-like funnels,[36] the dragon, and various other vape tricks.[33] The dragon is exhaling vapor out of the nose and mouth at the same time.[55] Other tricks include the double lasso,[92] jellyfish,[22] and the "Push the O" move.[55] The double lasso begins with exhaling an O shape around a foot in diameter.[92] Then a smaller, quicker O up to a size of a doughnut goes through the original O, followed by a smaller O is blown through the first two O's.[92] The jellyfish is exhaling an 'O' and holding a small amount of vapor in one's mouth, and then exhaling a small cloud which then moves into the 'O' and surrounds it to appear like a jellyfish.[22] The "Push the O" move is exhaling a smoke ring and pushing it aside with their hands.[55] E-cigarette users also form "vortexes" by tapping their devices to form sparkles.[60] Another vaping trick is called "a waterfall".[93] This trick involves exhaling the vapor out of the mouth and then inhaling it in through the nose.[93] The vape trick called "ghosting" lets users vape in public areas where vaping is explicitly not allowed (i.e., school classrooms).[23] This is achieved by keeping the aerosol in the lungs for a few moments, which makes it seemingly unnoticeable.[23] Most vaping tricks are carried out using devices with large batteries.[46]

Prevalence

Vaping tricks performed by tricksters are publicized via social media, vape meets, and other places.[94] There are a number of YouTube videos showing people engaging in vape tricks using e-cigarettes.[57] Social media sites like Instagram can be used for showing off vape tricks.[18] One of the more alluring features about vaping was cloud-chasing among Instagram users.[95] Teenagers are being taught vaping tricks from one another.[33] Students put videos on social media that show them performing tricks using e-cigarettes.[96] Adolescents eagerly check out e-cigarettes on social media and YouTube where they find out about vaping tricks, among other things.[97] The increase in popularity with vape tricks is attributed to many e-cigarette users in Southern California who posted their tricks on social media online.[4]

Competitions

External video
- Amazing Vape Trick Compilation

There are vaping tricks competitions.[19] The participants are known as "vaping tricksters".[19] The different types of tricksters are the Bender, the Runner, and the Spammer.[4] Benders stay put in one place and use their body parts to transform the vape they exhale into various shapes.[4] Runners typically do not stay put, and move in the direction of the vapor to form various shapes.[4] Spammers specialize in creating multiple O's.[4] The League of Clouds event is an online vaping trick contest that took place in 2016.[4] The contestants at a place they prefer were livestreaming their actions on camera at a specified time, while judges at different places made their ruling online.[4] In April 2017 Austin Lawrence, also known as "The Vape God",[98] created "some of the most insane and complicated smoke rings ever captured on film", according to Maxim.[99] Titus Edwards is known in the vaping community as Vape King for his vaping cloud skills, according to FLUX.[100] His signature maneuver is the jellyfish.[100] Vaping tricksters have been sponsored by e-liquid brands.[94]

Public perception

Almost 80% of adolescence who do vape tricks believe e-cigarettes pose minimal risk.[101]

Regulation recommendations

A 2021 Preventive Medicine Reports article states that "Restrictions on events like vape conventions that gamify vaping and monitoring of online videos that promote use of products for entertainment may help prevent future youth-appealing vape tricks from proliferating."[5]

Other names

Cloud-chasing[102] is also variously known as vape clouds,[102] cloud tricks,[29] cloud vaping,[76] competitive vaping,[103] extreme vaping,[20] power vaping,[94] public vaping,[104] stunt vaping,[105] sub-ohm vaping,[104] or the "X Games" of vaping.[68]

Notes

  1. ↑ A higher percentage of propylene glycol seems to enhance flavor and strengthen the so-called "throat hit", whereas a higher percentage of glycerin may increase aerosol production.[14]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Leah Sottile (8 October 2014). "The Right to Vape". The Atlantic.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Dominique Mosbergen (5 August 2014). "This Man Is An Athlete In The Sport Of 'Cloud Chasing'". HuffPost.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Mickle, Tripp (22 April 2015). "Take a Deep Breath if You Want to Try Competitive Vaping". The Wall Street Journal.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Disha Raychaudhuri (28 October 2016). "Cloud Chasing Competitive Vapers Make Smoke Into Sculptures". LA Weekly.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Brett, Emma; Krissinger, Robert; King, Andrea (December 2021). "The rise and fall of e-cigarette cloud chasing appealing to youth". Preventive Medicine Reports. 24: 101644. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101644.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Martinne Geller (9 June 2015). "Interview: E-cigs a 'consumer-driven' revolution born from a bad dream". Reuters.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Rebecca Burn-Callander (5 May 2015). "Are you a vanilla custard cloud chaser?". The Daily Telegraph.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Electronic cigarettes could have a huge effect on public health". The Conversation US, Inc. 20 June 2016.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Jess Malia (12 August 2016). "Yes, There is Such a Thing as Competitive Vaping". HuffPost United Kingdom.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Info Tec Staff (27 April 2015). "Vaping Competitions Heat Up with the Help of Sponsors and Large Cash Prizes". Info Tech.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Lauren Randall (3 February 2016). "Northwest Arkansas Vaping Scene Gains Popularity". The Arkansas Traveler.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Victoria Bekiempis (1 April 2015). "Veteran E-Cigarette Users Fret 'Cloud Chasers' Give Them a Bad Name". Newsweek. Reuters.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Laurie Merrill (16 April 2014). "E-cigarette smokers are chasing clouds". AZCentral.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Virgili, Fabrizio; Nenna, Raffaella; Ben David, Shira; Mancino, Enrica; Di Mattia, Greta; Matera, Luigi; Petrarca, Laura; Midulla, Fabio (December 2022). "E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern". Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 48 (1): 97. doi:10.1186/s13052-022-01286-7. PMC 9194784. PMID 35701844. This article incorporates text by Fabrizio Virgili, Raffaella Nenna, Shira Ben David, Enrica Mancino, Greta Di Mattia, Luigi Matera, Laura Petrarca, and Fabio Midulla available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Lindsay Fox (15 July 2016). "9 Ways to Improve Vapor Production from Your E-Cig". EcigaretteReviewed.com.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Furberg, Robert; Ortiz, Alexa M; McCombs, Michelle; Cress, Margaret; Thornburg, Jonathan; Pepper, Jessica K; Lee, Youn Ok (2019). "Exposure to Potentially Harmful E-Cigarette Emissions via Vape Tricks: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study". JMIR Research Protocols. 8 (4): e12304. doi:10.2196/12304. ISSN 1929-0748. PMC 6487345. PMID 30985285. This article incorporates text by Robert Furberg, Alexa M Ortiz, Michelle McCombs, Margaret Cress, Jonathan Thornburg, Jessica K Pepper, Youn Ok Lee available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Marcham, Cheryl L.; Springston, John P. (2019). "Electronic cigarettes in the indoor environment". Reviews on Environmental Health. 34 (2): 105–124. doi:10.1515/reveh-2019-0012. ISSN 2191-0308. PMID 31112510. S2CID 135122336.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 The Mash (29 September 2015). "Vape Culture Attracts Teens, Poses Harmful Risks". HuffPost.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Watch the UK's most impressive VAPER show off his skills". Express & Star. 16 May 2016.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Ayana Harry (29 April 2015). "Cloud chasing: The world of competitive 'vaping'". WPIX.
  21. ↑ Jené Gutierrez (30 August 2015). "I went to a vape conference to mock it—then the vapers changed my mind". The Daily Dot.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Simon Usborne (9 June 2018). "Squonkers, drippers and cloud chasers: the rise of vape culture". The Guardian.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Chadi, Nicholas; Vyver, Ellie; Bélanger, Richard E (17 September 2021). "Protecting children and adolescents against the risks of vaping". Paediatrics & Child Health. 26 (6): 358–365. doi:10.1093/pch/pxab037. PMC 8448493. PMID 34552676.
  24. ↑ Soulet, Sebastien; Sussman, Roberto A. (22 November 2022). "Critical Review of the Recent Literature on Organic Byproducts in E-Cigarette Aerosol Emissions". Toxics. 10 (12): 714. doi:10.3390/toxics10120714. PMC 9787926. PMID 36548547. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help) This article incorporates text by Sebastien Soulet and Roberto A. Sussman available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  25. ↑ Johnson, Natalie L.; Patten, Theresa; Ma, Minghong; De Biasi, Mariella; Wesson, Daniel W. (19 July 2022). "Chemosensory Contributions of E-Cigarette Additives on Nicotine Use". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.893587. PMID 35928010.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Phil Oscarson (9 June 2017). "The Rising Popularity of the Sport of Cloud Chasing". Inside Pulse.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Bautista, Malia; Mogul, Allison S.; Fowler, Christie D. (14 August 2023). "Beyond the label: current evidence and future directions for the interrelationship between electronic cigarettes and mental health". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 14. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134079. PMC 10460914. PMID 37645635. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help) This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  28. ↑ Xie, Zidian; Xue, Siyu; Gao, Yankun; Li, Dongmei (5 April 2023). "Characterizing e-Cigarette–Related Videos on TikTok: Observational Study". JMIR Formative Research. 7: e42346. doi:10.2196/42346. PMC 10131997. PMID 37018026. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Simon Rosselat (17 May 2016). "Cloud tricks among youngs: A new socialization of vaping". Vaping Post.
  30. ↑ Andrew Shanahan (23 April 2015). "Vaping: it's like smoking, only more manly". The Daily Telegraph.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Jené Gutierrez (11 December 2015). "Of course vaping is now a professional sport". The Daily Dot.
  32. ↑ Lois M. Collins (1 November 2015). "Teens and e-cigarettes: cool or calamity?". The Oklahoman. Deseret Digital Media.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Jilian Mincer (1 May 2015). "As youth vaping rises, teens cite the allure of tricks". Reuters.
  34. ↑ Sussman, Steve; Allem, Jon-Patrick; Garcia, Jocelyn; Unger, Jennifer B.; Cruz, Tess Boley; Garcia, Robert; Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes (2016). "Who walks into vape shops in Southern California?: a naturalistic observation of customers". Tobacco Induced Diseases. 14 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/s12971-016-0082-y. ISSN 1617-9625. PMC 4880826. PMID 27231480.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Eliza Harrison (11 June 2015). "Though unregulated, e-cigarette culture grows". The Santa Fe New Mexican.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Join Together Staff (7 May 2015). "Vaping Tricks Increase Teens' Attraction to E-Cigarettes". Partnership for Drug-Free Kids.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "E-Cigarette Vaping Has Become a Competitive Sport". Headlines & Global News. 23 April 2015.
  38. ↑ Jimmy Maas (13 May 2016). "Hidden in the Haze of 'Cloud Chasing,' a Spirit of Healthy Competition". Texas Standard.
  39. ↑ Craig McCarthy (22 April 2015). "Competitive vaping? Yeah, that's a thing now, and it's come to N.J." NJ.com.
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