User:QuackGuru/Sand 18

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7013895/ solid and liquid droplets https://mdwiki.org/wiki/Composition_of_heated_tobacco_product_emissions

The composition of the emissions generated from heated tobacco products are generally lower than that found in cigarette smoke.[1] This is due to the comparatively low temperatures, the filter systems, and physical design.[1] Substances emitted exist as gases[2] and fine particles of particulate matter.[3] The composition of what is produced is complex.[2] The main toxicants found in the emissions of cigarette smoke (i.e., tar, nicotine, carbonyl compounds, and nitrosamines) are also found in the emissions of these products in varying concentrations.[4]

The aerosol generated contains levels of nicotine and cancer-causing chemicals that are comparable to regular cigarettes.[5] The emissions contained 84% of the nicotine found in regular cigarettes.[6] Carcinogens[7] such as carbonyl compounds, reactive oxygen species, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines are also produced by heated tobacco products.[8] Research conducted by Philip Morris International detected 529 different chemicals in the aerosol of heated tobacco products.[8] Heated tobacco products has been shown to emit more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds than is observed in electronic cigarette fumes.[9] Heated tobacco products have been found to emit smoke.[2] According to researchers at Philip Morris International prior to 2016, the IQOS product emits smoke[2] and the chemical evidence shows that the IQOS emissions fit the definition of both an aerosol and smoke.[10] Following use, the IQOS tobacco seems to become charred, and its toxicity increases each time it is not cleaned following use.[11]

The available research on the mainstream and exhaled aerosol generated by these products is limited, as of 2018.[3] They do not generate side-stream emissions.[3] The exhaled aerosol is highly volatile because it is made up mainly of liquid particles that evaporate quickly.[3] The particle size of their emissions have a median aerodynamic diameter that is somewhat bigger than those found in cigarette smoke.[2] There is a lack of agreement on the composition of the emissions in the documented literature, as of 2018.[12] These products, however, still pose health risks.[1] Lower levels of harmful emissions has been shown, but lowering the risk to the smoker who transitions to using them has not been shown, as of 2018.[2] The IQOS concentrations of nicotine, benzaldehyde, and formaldehyde were 84%, 50%, and 74% in comparison to a traditional cigarette.[11] But, IQOS generated acenaphthene at concentrations 295% higher than found in a traditional cigarette and its consequences on human health are unknown.[11] As a result of the various types of heated tobacco products, the characteristics and effects for each type will be different.[13]

Since the 1960s heated tobacco products were in development by tobacco companies.[14] Safer heated tobacco products that deliver nicotine but limit emissions of tar or carbon monoxide (CO) is a half-century-old idea, which had been unsuccessfully market-tested since 1988, first as Premier by the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) and later as Eclipse (RJR) and Accord (Philip Morris International).[15] The emissions from earlier generation of heated tobacco products (e.g., Eclipse) were classed as smoke by a 2004 study affiliated to the manufacturer, and the emissions were also found to contain soot (black carbon).[10] By 2018 various heated tobacco-related products were reintroduced to the market.[16]

Introduction

Heated tobacco products are electronic devices that heat processed tobacco to supposedly deliver an aerosol with fewer toxicants than in cigarette smoke.[15] Commercially available heated tobacco systems like glo (produced by British American Tobacco (BAT)) or IQOS (Philip Morris International) include a charger, a holder and tobacco sticks, plugs or capsules.[15] Inserted into the holder, tobacco sticks are heated with an electronically controlled heating element.[15] Other products, like iFuse from BAT or Ploom Tech from Japan Tobacco (JT), produce aerosol from a non-tobacco source and pass it through a tobacco plug to absorb flavor and nicotine.[15] Heated tobacco products aim for a niche between combustible tobacco smoking and electronic cigarettes that aerosolize nicotine suspended in humectants.[15]

Research conducted by Philip Morris International detected 529 different chemicals in the aerosol of heated tobacco products.[8] The IQOS product emits smoke according to researchers at Philip Morris International prior to 2016[2] and the chemical evidence shows that the IQOS emissions fit the definition of both an aerosol and smoke.[10] Significant levels of n-alkanes, organic acids, and carcinogenic aldehydes including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein have also been observed in IQOS side stream aerosol.[10] Continual reheating of deposited tar in the IQOS device will occur with real-life use, likely leading to generation of even higher concentrations of harmful and potentially harmful compounds and particulate matter.[10]

Since the 1960s heated tobacco products were in development by tobacco companies.[14] Safer heated tobacco products that deliver nicotine but limit emissions of tar or carbon monoxide (CO) is a half-century-old idea, which had been unsuccessfully market-tested since 1988, first as Premier by the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) and later as Eclipse (RJR) and Accord (Philip Morris International).[15] The emissions from earlier generation of heated tobacco products (e.g., Eclipse) were classed as smoke by a 2004 study affiliated to the manufacturer, and the emissions were also found to contain soot (black carbon).[10]

Since 2018, various heated tobacco-related products were reintroduced to the market.[16] Japan, where manufacturers have marketed several heated tobacco brands since 2014, has been the focal national test market, with the intention of developing global marketing strategies.[17] According to a 2018 report, the launching of the latest incarnation of heated tobacco products is a reiteration of similar efforts in the past to use similar products to undermine tobacco control, particularly efforts that present the tobacco industry as a harm reduction partner.[18]

As of 2018, of the current heated tobacco products, IQOS was launched in several cities in Japan, Italy and Switzerland in 2014, iFuse was released in Romania in 2015 and glo and Ploom Tech were introduced to Japanese cities in 2016.[15] Due to regulations restricting the sale of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, Japan was a fertile market for heated tobacco producers, suggesting that the products have potential 'for explosive global growth'.[15] By 2017, IQOS was available in 30 countries and was being considered by United States Food and Drug Administration for a reduced-risk product approval, and the UK was one of the first countries to assign a separate taxation category for heated tobacco products.[15]

List of substances

Numbers

A

Charred tobacco film following use.
Charred tobacco film following use

B

The table shows a comparative range of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs; per stick or cigarette) present in the heated tobacco product mainstream aerosol (HTP aerosol) and mainstream smoke of traditional combustible cigarettes (TCC smoke). Blanks (-) indicate not reported/not quantified/below level of detection. Single values are provided where ranges could not be obtained. ISO, HCI, and CORESTA puffing regimens were used. Reported HTP aerosol data were obtained from tobacco- and menthol-flavored HTP sticks. TCC smoke data were obtained from reference-grade (3R4F, 1R6F) and Marlboro Red 100 cigarettes.
The table shows a comparative range of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs; per stick or cigarette) present in the heated tobacco product mainstream aerosol (HTP aerosol) and mainstream smoke of traditional combustible cigarettes (TCC smoke).[21] Blanks (-) indicate not reported/not quantified/below level of detection.[21] Single values are provided where ranges could not be obtained.[21] ISO, HCI, and CORESTA puffing regimens were used.[21] Reported HTP aerosol data were obtained from tobacco- and menthol-flavored HTP sticks.[21] TCC smoke data were obtained from reference-grade (3R4F, 1R6F) and Marlboro Red 100 cigarettes.[21]
The table shows a comparative range of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs, per cigarette) present in the heated tobacco product mainstream aerosol (HTP aerosol), mainstream smoke of traditional combustible cigarettes (TCC smoke), and electronic cigarette mainstream aerosol (ECIG aerosol). Blanks (-) indicate not reported/not quantified/below level of detection. Single values are provided where ranges could not be obtained. ISO, HCI, and CORESTA puffing regimens were used. Reported HTP aerosol data were obtained from tobacco- and menthol-flavored HTP sticks, TCC smoke data were obtained from reference-grade (3R4F, 1R6F) and Marlboro Red 100 cigarettes, ECIG aerosol data were obtained from tobacco-flavored ECIG liquid using 1st- and 2nd-generation ECIG devices at 10 and 14 wattage.
The table shows a comparative range of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs, per cigarette) present in the heated tobacco product mainstream aerosol (HTP aerosol), mainstream smoke of traditional combustible cigarettes (TCC smoke), and electronic cigarette mainstream aerosol (ECIG aerosol).[21] Blanks (-) indicate not reported/not quantified/below level of detection.[21] Single values are provided where ranges could not be obtained.[21] ISO, HCI, and CORESTA puffing regimens were used.[21] Reported HTP aerosol data were obtained from tobacco- and menthol-flavored HTP sticks, TCC smoke data were obtained from reference-grade (3R4F, 1R6F) and Marlboro Red 100 cigarettes, ECIG aerosol data were obtained from tobacco-flavored ECIG liquid using 1st- and 2nd-generation ECIG devices at 10 and 14 wattage.[21]
The table shows a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) reported to be more than two-fold higher in heated tobacco product mainstream aerosol (HTP aerosol) compared to mainstream smoke of traditional combustible cigarettes (TCC smoke).
The table shows a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) reported to be more than two-fold higher in heated tobacco product mainstream aerosol (HTP aerosol) compared to mainstream smoke of traditional combustible cigarettes (TCC smoke).[21]

C

E

F

G

H

  • Harmful and potentially harmful compounds (HPHC)[13]

I

L

M

N

O

P

S

T

  • Tar[2] (The solids in the emissions have been called nicotine-free dry particulate matter rather than tar in papers written by people related to the tobacco industry.[2])
  • Toluene[1]
  • Toxicants[27]

V

W

Gallery

  • Various types of heated tobacco products
  • IQOS device in black.

    IQOS device

  • A person using an IQOS device.

    A person using an IQOS device

  • lil device with tobacco stick.

    lil device with tobacco stick

  • glo device in white.

    glo device

  • Ploom Tech vaporizer.

    Ploom Tech vaporizer

See also

Bibliography

  • McNeill, A; Brose, LS; Calder, R; Bauld, L; Robson, D (February 2018). "Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018" (PDF). UK: Public Health England. pp. 1–243.

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Pieper, Elke; Mallock, Nadja; Henkler-Stephani, Frank; Luch, Andreas (2018). "Tabakerhitzer als neues Produkt der Tabakindustrie: Gesundheitliche Risiken" ["Heat not burn" tobacco devices as new tobacco industry products: health risks]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz (in German). 61 (11): 1422–1428. doi:10.1007/s00103-018-2823-y. ISSN 1436-9990. PMID 30284624.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) This article incorporates text by Elke Pieper, Nadja Mallock, Frank Henkler-Stephani, and Andreas Luch available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Dautzenberg, B.; Dautzenberg, M.-D. (2018). "Le tabac chauffé : revue systématique de la littérature" [Systematic analysis of the scientific literature on heated tobacco]. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires (in French). 36 (1): 82–103. doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010. ISSN 0761-8425. PMID 30429092.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Kaunelienė, Violeta; Meišutovič-Akhtarieva, Marija; Martuzevičius, Dainius (2018). "A review of the impacts of tobacco heating system on indoor air quality versus conventional pollution sources". Chemosphere. 206: 568–578. Bibcode:2018Chmsp.206..568K. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.039. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 29778082.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kaur, Gurjot; Muthumalage, Thivanka; Rahman, Irfan (2018). "Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products". Toxicology Letters. 288: 143–155. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.025. ISSN 0378-4274. PMC 6549714. PMID 29481849.
  5. ↑ Jenssen, Brian P.; Walley, Susan C.; McGrath-Morrow, Sharon A. (2017). "Heat-not-Burn Tobacco Products: Tobacco Industry Claims No Substitute for Science". Pediatrics. 141 (1): e20172383. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2383. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 29233936.
  6. ↑ Ziedonis, Douglas; Das, Smita; Larkin, Celine (2017). "Tobacco use disorder and treatment: New challenges and opportunities". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 19 (3): 271–80. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.3/dziedonis. PMC 5741110. PMID 29302224.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Toxicological evaluation of novel heat-not-burn tobacco products – non-technical summary" (PDF). Committee on Toxicity. 11 December 2017. pp. 1–4.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Fried, Nicholas D.; Gardner, Jason D. (2020). "Heat-not-burn tobacco products: an emerging threat to cardiovascular health". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 319 (6): H1234–H1239. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00708.2020. ISSN 0363-6135. PMC 7792702. PMID 33006919.
  9. ↑ Znyk, Małgorzata; Jurewicz, Joanna; Kaleta, Dorota (21 June 2021). "Exposure to Heated Tobacco Products and Adverse Health Effects, a Systematic Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (12): 6651. doi:10.3390/ijerph18126651. This article incorporates text by Małgorzata Znyk, Joanna Jurewicz, and Dorota Kaleta available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Uguna, Clement N.; Snape, Colin E. (5 July 2022). "Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence". ACS Omega. 7 (26): 22111–22124. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c01527. PMC 9260752. PMID 35811880. This article incorporates text by Clement N. Uguna and Colin E. Snape available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Başaran, Rahman; Güven, Naile Merve; Eke, Benay Can (11 July 2019). "An Overview of iQOS® as a New Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Product and Its Potential Effects on Human Health and the Environment". Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16 (3): 371–374. doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.79095. PMID 32454738.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 McNeill 2018, p. 210.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 McNeill 2018, p. 219.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Elias, Jesse; Dutra, Lauren M; St. Helen, Gideon; Ling, Pamela M (2018). "Revolution or redux? Assessing IQOS through a precursor product". Tobacco Control. 27 (Suppl 1): s102–s110. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054327. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6238084. PMID 30305324.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 Simonavicius, Erikas; McNeill, Ann; Shahab, Lion; Brose, Leonie S (2018). "Heat-not-burn tobacco products: a systematic literature review". Tobacco Control. 28 (5): tobaccocontrol–2018–054419. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054419. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6824610. PMID 30181382. This article incorporates text by Erikas Simonavicius, Ann McNeill1, Lion Shahab, and Leonie S Brose available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Staal, Yvonne CM; van de Nobelen, Suzanne; Havermans, Anne; Talhout, Reinskje (2018). "New Tobacco and Tobacco-Related Products: Early Detection of Product Development, Marketing Strategies, and Consumer Interest". JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 4 (2): e55. doi:10.2196/publichealth.7359. ISSN 2369-2960. PMC 5996176. PMID 29807884. This article incorporates text by Yvonne CM Staal, Suzanne van de Nobelen, Anne Havermans, and Reinskje Talhout available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  17. ↑ Shi, Yuyan; Caputi, Theodore L.; Leas, Eric; Dredze, Mark; Cohen, Joanna E.; Ayers, John W. (2017). "They're heating up: Internet search query trends reveal significant public interest in heat-not-burn tobacco products". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185735. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285735C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185735. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5636077. PMID 29020019. This article incorporates text by Theodore L. Caputi, Eric Leas, Mark Dredze, Joanna E. Cohen, and John W. Ayers available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  18. ↑ Bialous, Stella A; Glantz, Stanton A (2018). "Heated tobacco products: another tobacco industry global strategy to slow progress in tobacco control". Tobacco Control. 27 (Suppl 1): s111–s117. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054340. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6202178. PMID 30209207. This article incorporates text by Stella A Bialous and Stanton A Glantz available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Mallock, Nadja; Pieper, Elke; Hutzler, Christoph; Henkler-Stephani, Frank; Luch, Andreas (10 October 2019). "Heated Tobacco Products: A Review of Current Knowledge and Initial Assessments". Frontiers in Public Health. 7: 287. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00287.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Heated tobacco products: information sheet - 2nd edition". World Health Organization. 10 July 2020. pp. 1–4.
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 Upadhyay, Swapna; Rahman, Mizanur; Johanson, Gunnar; Palmberg, Lena; Ganguly, Koustav (2 August 2023). "Heated Tobacco Products: Insights into Composition and Toxicity". Toxics. 11 (8): 667. doi:10.3390/toxics11080667. PMC 10459283. PMID 37624172. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help) This article incorporates text by Swapna Upadhyay, Mizanur Rahman, Gunnar Johanson, Lena Palmberg, Koustav Ganguly available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 McNeill 2018, p. 216.
  23. ↑ Luca, Alina-Costina; Curpăn, Alexandrina-Ștefania; Iordache, Alin-Constantin; Mîndru, Dana Elena; Țarcă, Elena; Luca, Florin-Alexandru; Pădureț, Ioana-Alexandra (8 February 2023). "Cardiotoxicity of Electronic Cigarettes and Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products—A Problem for the Modern Pediatric Cardiologist". Healthcare. 11 (4): 491. doi:10.3390/healthcare11040491. PMC 9957306. PMID 36833024. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help)
  24. ↑ Szumilas, Paweł; Wilk, Aleksandra; Szumilas, Kamila; Karakiewicz, Beata (6 February 2022). "The Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol on Oral Cavity Cells and Tissues: A Narrative Review". Toxics. MDPI AG. 10 (2): 74. doi:10.3390/toxics10020074. ISSN 2305-6304. PMC 8878056. PMID 35202260.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Górski, Paweł (2019). "E-cigarettes or heat-not-burn tobacco products – advantages or disadvantages for the lungs of smokers". Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 87 (2): 123–134. doi:10.5603/ARM.2019.0020. ISSN 2543-6031. PMID 31038725.
  26. ↑ Li, Xiangyu; Luo, Yanbo; Jiang, Xingyi; Zhang, Hongfei; Zhu, Fengpeng; Hu, Shaodong; Hou, Hongwei; Hu, Qingyuan; Pang, Yongqiang (2019). "Chemical Analysis and Simulated Pyrolysis of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 Compared to Conventional Cigarettes". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 21 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1093/ntr/nty005. ISSN 1462-2203. PMID 29319815.
  27. ↑ Li, Gerard; Saad, Sonia; Oliver, Brian; Chen, Hui (2018). "Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome". Toxics. 6 (3): 43. doi:10.3390/toxics6030043. ISSN 2305-6304. PMC 6160993. PMID 30071638.

External links

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