User:CarsWiski/sandbox

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My main goal is to add an Epidemiology section to the Sleep Disorders article. 

I am also adding to the already existing Risks section.  Its current text is in italics.  The original does have references; they just didn't carry over when I used copy-paste

Risks[edit]

A systematic review found that traumatic childhood experiences (such as family conflict or sexual trauma) significantly increases the risk for a number of sleep disorders in adulthood, including sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and insomnia. It is currently unclear whether or not moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk of obstructive sleep apnea.

In addition, an evidence-based synopses suggests that the sleep disorder, idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), may have a hereditary component to it. A total of 632 participants, half with iRBD and half without, completed self-report questionnaires. The results of the study suggest that people with iRBD are more likely to report having a first-degree relative with the same sleep disorder than people of the same age and sex that do not have the disorder. More research needs to be conducted to gain further information about the hereditary nature of sleep disorders.

A population susceptible to the development of sleep disorders is those who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because many researchers have focused on this issue, a systematic review was conducted to synthesize their findings. According to their results, TBI individuals are most disproportionately at risk for developing narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia.[1] The study's complete findings can be found in the table below:

Source of data Sleep variable Community TBI Community TBI
Sleep category Nparticipants Nparticipants P P Z prob
Healthy controls
 Sleep disturbance Overall 66 85 .32 .56 3.02 .003
 Sleep problem Sleep initiation 77 77 .05 .41 5.33 <.001
Excessive daytime sleepiness 85 99 .10 .24 2.65 .008
Community samples
 Sleep disturbance Overall 2187 1706 .41 .50 5.59 <.001
 Sleep disorders Insomnia 1007 581 .10 .29 9.94 <.001
Hypersomnia 7954 212 .10 .28 8.38 <.001
Obstructive sleep apnoea 1741 283 .02 .25 15.51 <.001
Periodic limb movements 18,980 212 .04 .08 2.95 .003
Narcolepsy 18,980 152 .00b .04 17.11 <.001
 Sleep problem Snoring 2629 65 .42 .60 3.56 <.001
Insomnia 6340 1001 .31 .50 11.8 <.001
Sleep maintenance 24,600 309 .27 .50 8.96 <.001
Sleep efficiency 1007 119 .27 .49 4.93 <.001
Sleep initiation 24,600 368 .27 .36 3.80 <.001
Nightmares 2187 133 .08 .27 7.43 <.001
Excessive daytime sleepiness 16,583 651 .09 .27 15.27 <.001
Early morning awakening 24,600 364 .18 .38 9.76 <.001
Sleep walking 4972 99 .02 .09 4.85 <.001

Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders

Children and Young Adults

According to one meta-analysis, the two most prevalent sleep disorders among children are confusional arousals and sleep walking[2]. An estimated 17.3% of kids between 3 and 13 years old experience confusional arousals[2]. About 17% of children sleep walk, with the disorder being more common among boys than girls[2]. The peak ages of sleep walking are from 8 to 12 years old.[2] A different systematic review offers a high range of prevalence rates of sleep bruxism for children. Between 15.29 and 38.6% of preschoolers grind their teeth at least one night a week. All but one of the included studies reports decreasing bruxist prevalence as age increased as well as a higher prevalence among boys than girls.[3]

Another systematic review noted 7-16% of young adults suffer from delayed sleep phase disorder. This disorder reaches peak prevalence when people are in their 20's.[2] Between 20 and 26% of adolescents report a sleep onset latency of >30 minutes. Also, 7-36% have difficulty initiating sleep.[4] Asian teens tend to have a higher prevalence of all of these adverse sleep outcomes than their North American and European counterparts.[4]

Insomnia

Combining results from 17 studies on insomnia in China, a pooled prevalence of 15.0% is reported for the country[5]. This is considerably lower than a series of Western countries (50.5% in Poland, 37.2% in France and Italy, 27.1% in USA)[5]. However, the result is consistent among other East Asian countries. Men and women residing in China experience insomnia at similar rates.[5] A separate meta-analysis focusing on this sleeping disorder in the elderly mentions that those with more than one physical or psychiatric malady experience it at a 60% higher rate than those with one condition or less. It also notes a higher prevalence of insomnia in women over the age of 50 than their male counterparts.[6]

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects around 4% of men and 2% of women in the United States.[7] In general, this disorder is more prevalent among men. However, this difference tends to diminish with age. Women experience the highest risk for OSA during pregnancy.[8] Also, they tend to report experiencing depression and insomnia in conjunction with obstructive sleep apnea.[9] In a meta-analysis of the various Asian countries, India and China present the highest prevalence of the disorder. Specifically, about 13.7% of the Indian population and 7% of Hong-Kong's population is estimated to have OSA. The two groups experience daytime OSA symptoms such as difficulties concentrating, mood swings, or high blood pressure,[10] at similar rates (prevalence of 3.5% and 3.57%, respectively).[7]

Sleep Paralysis

A systematic review states 7.6% of the general population experiences sleep paralysis at least once in their lifetime. Its prevalence among men is 15.9% while 18.9% of women experience it. When considering specific populations, 28.3% of students and 31.9% of psychiatric patients have experienced this phenomenon at least once in their lifetime. Of those psychiatric patients, 34.6% have panic disorder. Sleep paralysis in students is slightly more prevalent for those of Asian descent (39.9%) than other ethnicities (Hispanic: 34.5%, African descent: 31.4%, Caucasian 30.8%).[11]

Restless Leg Syndrome

According to one meta-analysis, the mean prevalence rate for North America and Western Europe is estimated to be 14.5±8.0%. Specifically in the United States, the prevalence of restless leg syndrome is estimated to be between 5 and 15.7% when using strict diagnostic criteria. RLS is over 35% more prevalent in American women than their male counterparts.[12]

References

  1. ^ Mathias, J. L.; Alvaro, P. K. (2012-08-01). "Prevalence of sleep disturbances, disorders, and problems following traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis". Sleep Medicine. 13 (7): 898–905. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.04.006. ISSN 1389-9457. PMID 22705246 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  2. ^ a b c d e Carter, Kevin A.; Hathaway, Nathanael E.; Lettieri, Christine F. (2014-03-01). "Common sleep disorders in children". American Family Physician. 89 (5): 368–377. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 24695508 – via PubMed.
  3. ^ Machado, Eduardo; Dal-Fabbro, Cibele; Cunali, Paulo Afonso; Kaizer, Osvaldo Bazzan (2014). "Prevalence of sleep bruxism in children: A systematic review". Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 19 (6): 54–61. doi:10.1590/2176-9451.19.6.054-061.oar. ISSN 2176-9451. PMC 4347411. PMID 25628080 – via PubMed. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 54 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  4. ^ a b Gradisar, Michael; Gardner, Greg; Dohnt, Hayley (2011-02-01). "Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep". Sleep Medicine. 12 (2): 110–118. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.11.008. ISSN 1389-9457 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  5. ^ a b c Cao, Xiao-Lan; Wang, Shi-Bin; Zhong, Bao-Liang; Zhang, Ling; Ungvari, Gabor S.; Ng, Chee H.; Li, Lu; Chiu, Helen F. K.; Lok, Grace K. I. (2017-02-24). "The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis". PLoS ONE. 12 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170772. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5325204. PMID 28234940 – via PubMed.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Rodriguez, Juan Carlos; Dzierzewski, Joseph M.; Alessi, Cathy A. (December 30, 2014). "Sleep Problems in the Elderly". The Medical clinics of North America. 99 (2): 431–439. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.013. ISSN 0025-7125. PMC 4406253. PMID 25700593 – via PubMed.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  7. ^ a b Mirrakhimov, Aibek E; Sooronbaev, Talant; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M (2013-02-23). "Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in Asian adults: a systematic review of the literature". BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 13: 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-13-10. ISSN 1471-2466. PMC 3585751. PMID 23433391 – via PubMed.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Wimms, Alison; Woehrle, Holger; Ketheeswaran, Sahisha; Ramanan, Dinesh; Armitstead, Jeffery (2016). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Women: Specific Issues and Interventions". BioMed Research International. 2016: 1764837. doi:10.1155/2016/1764837. ISSN 2314-6141. PMC 5028797. PMID 27699167 – via PubMed.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Valipour, A. (October 2012). "Gender-related Differences in the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome". Pneumologie. 66 (10): 584–588. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1325664. ISSN 0934-8387 – via PubMed.
  10. ^ "Obstructive sleep apnea - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  11. ^ Sharpless, Brian A.; Barber, Jacques P. (October 2011). "Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Sleep Paralysis: A Systematic Review". Sleep medicine reviews. 15 (5): 311–315. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.007. ISSN 1087-0792. PMC 3156892. PMID 21571556 – via PubMed.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  12. ^ Innes, Kim E; Selfe, Terry Kit; Agarwal, Parul (August 2011). "Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome in North American and Western European Populations: A Systematic Review". Sleep medicine. 12 (7): 623–634. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.12.018. ISSN 1389-9457. PMC 4634567. PMID 21752711 – via PubMed.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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