The Little Girl Sold with the Pears

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"The Little Girl Sold with the Pears" (Italian: La bambina venduta con le pere) is an Italian fairy tale published by Italo Calvino in Italian Folktales, from Piedmont.[1] Ruth Manning-Sanders included a variant, as "The Girl in the Basket", in A Book of Ogres and Trolls.[2]

It is related to the cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom and distantly related to the Graeco-Roman myth of Cupid and Psyche, in that the heroine is forced to perform difficult tasks for a witch.

Synopsis

Once there was a man had to pay the king rent in the form of four baskets of pears. One year his trees yielded only three and a half baskets full, so he put his youngest daughter in the fourth basket to fill it up. When the baskets arrived at the castle, the royal servants found the girl by the pears she ate, and they set her to work as a servant. As the girl, named Perina (from pear), grew up, she and the prince fell in love, which caused the other maidservants to grow envious. In Manning-Sanders's version, the servants told the king that she had boasted of doing all the laundry in one day; with the prince's aid, she was able to do it. In most other versions, the maids then tell the king that she had also boasted that she could steal the witch's (or ogress's, depending on the version) treasure. The king insisted that she do it.

In Manning-Sanders's version the prince told her what to do. Although Calvino found this in his original version, to increase her identification with the pears, she went and passed by an apple tree and a peach tree to sleep in the third, a pear tree. In the morning, a little old woman was under the tree.[3]

In both cases, they gave her grease, bread, and millet. She went on, gave the millet to three women in a bakery, sweeping out the ovens with their hair, threw the bread to some mastiffs, crossed by a red river with a charm that the little old woman had given her, and greased the hinges of the witch's house. Then she took the treasure chest. The chest began to speak, but the door refused to slam on her, the river to drown her, the dogs to eat her, and the women in the bakery to bake her.

Curious, she opened the chest and a golden hen with her chicks escaped, or musical instruments that played on their own, but the little old woman or prince put them back. The prince told her to ask, for her reward, for the coal chest in the cellar. When she asked and it was brought up, the prince was hidden in it, so they married.

Sources

The tale was originally collected by Italian scholar Domenico Comparetti with the title Margheritina, and sourced from Monferrato.[4] It was later translated by German writer Paul Heyse into German.[5]

The tale was reworked by Calvino, who changed the girl's name from Margheritina to Perina to reinforce the fruit connection. He also added the old woman helper who gives the objects to the girl, while, in the original tale, the girl is helped by the prince.[6]

Publication

The tale was republished by writer Jane Yolen as Brave Marietta.[7]

Analysis

Tale type

In a review of Calvino's work, folklorist Walter Anderson classified the tale, according to the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, as type AaTh 428, "The Wolf".[8] Swedish scholar Jan-Öjvind Swahn [sv] also classified the original tale as type AaTh 428.[9]

Calvino's tale (numbered 11 in his collection) was listed by Italian scholars Alberto Maria Cirese [it] and Liliana Serafini under type AaTh 428, Il Lupo ("The Wolf").[10] Renato Aprile, editor of the Italian Catalogue of Tales of Magic, classifies Margheritina as type AT 428, Il Lupo ("The Wolf"), but recognizes that it contains motifs from type AT 328, Tridicino ("Thirteenth"), where the protagonist is spurred to action by envious courtiers.[11]

Tale type AaTh 428 is considered by scholars as a fragmentary version of the tale of Cupid and Psyche, lacking the initial part about the animal husband and corresponding to the part of the witch's tasks.[12][13][14][15] Accordingly, German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther revised the international classification system and subsumed type AaTh 428 under new type ATU 425B, "Son of the Witch".[16]

Variants

Author Angelo de Gubernatis collected a tale from Santo Stefano di Calcinaia with the title La comprata ("The Bought One"). In this tale, a couple accidentally sells a fruits basket with their daughter inside, which is bought by another couple. The second couple's son and the girl fall in love and plan to marry, but the boy's mother is against their marriage, and imposes tasks on the girl: first, the girl is to separate the legumes mixed inside in a granary. With the help of an old lady, she fulfills the task. Next, the woman orders the girl to sew, wash and weave one hundred pounds of hemp in a single month. The same old lady appears to her, joined by three other ladies with large body parts, and they fulfill the task. Still trying to separate the enamoured couple, the woman curses her son to become a pig. The old lady appears to the girl and tells her how to disenchant her beloved. Following the lady's advice, she walks down a path and passes by a gate whose hinges she blesses; then by a woman pulling a bucket of water with her hair, to whom she gives a rope; gives two brooms to two women that are sweeping the floor with their tongues; gives a rag to a third woman that is cleaning an oven with her breasts; and gives some meat to two lions. Finally, she arrives at the house of a mago ('sorcerer') that is guarding his treasure with his eyes open (which is their way of sleeping). The girl steals the mago's treasure and runs back, the obstacles in their way allowing her passage. The mago wakes up and, not seeing his treasure, dies. The boy's mother also dies, and his transformation is reversed, allowing him to marry his beloved.[17][18]

In an Italian tale collected by Ciro Marzocchi in Siena with the title Melarosa, a man has many children, among which a girl named Melarosa. One day, he sells some baskets to the queen. However, his daughter Melarosa was inside one of the baskets, and she ends up in the queen's castle. The queen adopts Melarosa, spurring the jealousy of the ladies in court. The jealous ladies lie to the queen that Melarosa boasted that she could steal some possessions of Fata Morgana: first, her sieve, next, the "scatola degli artisti" ('box of artists'), and finally the "cassa del sole e della luna" ('box of the Sun and the Moon'). With the help of a young man, the prince, Melarosa prevails, and marries the prince.[19]

In another Italian tale collected by Marzocchi in Siena with the title Nina-delle-mele, a girl named Nina-delle-mele is accidentally sold by her poor father, a fruit seller, to the queen inside a basket of apples. The queen takes a liking to the girl, spurring the envy of other ladies, who begin to spread false rumours about Nina-delle-mele. First, the companions lie to the queen that Nina-delle-mele boasted that she could sweep the floors of the palace in a single night; next, that she could do the laundry of the entire castle in one night; lastly, that she could bring back a pillow that belongs to Fata Morgana. With the help of a young man who falls in love with her, she accomplishes the tasks. At the end of the tale, the young man reveals he is the queen's son, kidnapped years ago, and marries Nina-delle-mele.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Calvino, Ítalo (1980). Italian Folktales. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 35–37 (tale nr. 11), 717 (source). ISBN 0-15-645489-0.
  2. ^ Manning-Sanders, Ruth. A Book of Ogres and Trolls. Methuen Children's Books, 1972. pp. 66-74.
  3. ^ Italo Calvino, Italian Folktales p 718 ISBN 0-15-645489-0
  4. ^ Comparetti, Domenico. Novelline popolari italiane. Italia, Torino: Ermano Loescher. 1875. pp. 39–42.
  5. ^ Heyse, Paul (1914). Italienische Volksmärchen (in German). München: I.F. Lehmann. pp. 6–13.
  6. ^ Calvino, Italo. Italian Folktales. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013 [1980, 1956]. pp. 717-718. ISBN 0-15-145770-0.
  7. ^ Yolen, Jane (2017). Once There Was a Story: Tales from Around the World, Perfect for Sharing. Simon and Schuster. pp. 126–131. ISBN 9781416971726.
  8. ^ "IV. Besprechungen". In: Fabula 1, no. 2 (1958): 286 (Tale nr. 11). https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1958.1.2.283
  9. ^ Swahn, Jan Öjvind. The Tale of Cupid and Psyche. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955. p. 368.
  10. ^ Discoteca di Stato (1975). Alberto Mario Cirese; Liliana Serafini (eds.). Tradizioni orali non cantate: primo inventario nazionale per tipi, motivi o argomenti [Oral Not Sung Traditions: First National Inventory by Types, Reasons or Topics] (in Italian and English). Ministero dei beni culturali e ambientali. p. 102.
  11. ^ Aprile, Renato (2000). Indice delle fiabe popolari italiane di magia (in Italian). Vol. 2. Leo S. Olschki. p. 782. ISBN 9788822248558.
  12. ^ Anderson, Walter. "IV. Besprechungen". In: Fabula 1, no. 2 (1958): 284. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1958.1.2.283
  13. ^ Swahn, Jan Öjvind. The Tale of Cupid and Psyche. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955. p. 379.
  14. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  15. ^ Tangherlini, Timothy A. "Prinz als Wolf (AaTh 428) [Son of the Witch (ATU 425 B)]". In: Enzyklopädie des Märchens [de] Online: Band 10: Nibelungenlied – Prozeßmotive. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2002]. pp. 1325-1327. https://www.degruyter.com/database/EMO/entry/emo.10.245/html
  16. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg. The types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography, based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Volume 1: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia-Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004. p. 250. ISBN 9789514109560.
  17. ^ Gubernatis, Angelo de (1883). Florilegio delle novelline popolari (in Italian). Milano: U. Hoepli. pp. 291–293.
  18. ^ Gubernatis, Angelo de (1894). Biblioteca nazionale delle tradizioni popolari italiane, diretta da Angelo de Gubernatis (in Italian). Forzani e c., tipografi del Senato. pp. 119–121.
  19. ^ D'Aronco, Gianfranco (1953). Indice delle fiabe toscane (in Italian). L.S. Olschki. p. 137 (entry nr. 317g).
  20. ^ D'Aronco, Gianfranco (1953). Indice delle fiabe toscane (in Italian). L.S. Olschki. p. 137 (entry nr. 317h).
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