Racism against Asians
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In the Western world or in non-Asian countries, terms such as "racism against Asians" or "anti-Asian racism" are typically used in reference to racist policies, discrimination against, and mistreatment of Asian people and Asian immigrants by institutions and/or non-Asian people.[1][2]
Overview
The concept of 'racism against Asians' is most common in communities or countries where the ethnic or racial majority is non-Asian, or it is most common in communities or countries where the national character is Western. The concept is most frequently employed in reference to Anti-Asian phenomena which exist in countries which are located outside the Asian continent, such as countries which are located in Africa, Europe, North America and South America.
Countries
Australia
Canada
- Chinese head tax in Canada
- Chinese Immigration Act, 1885
- Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration
- Internment of Japanese Canadians
- Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
- 1886 Vancouver anti-Chinese riots
- Anti-Oriental riots (Vancouver)
- Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
Uganda
United States
- Nativism in United States politics#Asian targets
- Racism against Asian Americans, covers the history of anti-Asian racism in the United States
- Affirmative action
- Xenophobia in the United States#Asian targets
- Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
- Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States
- Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
- San Francisco riot of 1877
- Destruction of Chinatown, Denver
- Tacoma riot of 1885
- Seattle riot of 1886
- Chinese Massacre Cove, the site of the Hells Canyon Massacre which was committed in May 1887
- Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
- Rock Springs massacre
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Immigration Act of 1917
- Immigration Act of 1924
- Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
- Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
- Asian American activism
- Stop Asian Hate, a 2021 movement in the United States
Against East and Southeast Asians
- Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
- Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
- Interminority racism in the United States (by African Americans against Asian Americans)
France
Racist incidences or perceptions
Racist incidences or perceptions, especially towards East or Southeast Asians, may include:
- Emasculation of Asian men against fetishizations and hypersexualisation of Asian women (yellow fever).[3][4][5][6][7][8]
- Which causes inferiority complex and internalized racism.[9][10]
- Reinforced by dangerous racial science of supposed "mongoloid race" (outdated), such as lacking of sexual dimorphism between Asian men and Asian women,[11] as well as dealing with the aftershocks of the history of European colonisation of Southeast Asia and "white worship".[12][13]
- The model minority myth fails to account for the bamboo ceiling, the difficult circumstances of poorer Asians, and their marginalization and stereotyping in the media.[14][15][16][17]
- Contradictorily being used to justify white supremacy through modes of "honorary Aryan" or "honorary whiteness" racial concepts.[18][19]
- Being used to justify racism against Black people via the model minority myth.[20]
- Are stereotyped as cold, anti-social, robotic.[21]
- Discrimination based on perceived foreignness or accent.[22]
- Being seen as a perpetual foreigner.
- Being linked to diseases such as coronavirus (see Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic).[23][24]
- Othered into being seen as "yellow" or being seen as the "yellow peril".[25][26]
- Generalizing East Asians as monolithic[27] and being ignorant of the multicultural populations of Southeast Asia, such as the existence of Melanesians in Southeast Asia, etc.
On the other hand, discrimination against South Asians and/or Middle Easterners includes:
- Being seen as terrorists[28][29][30]
- Othered into being seen as "brown", a categorization which was extended to Southeast Asians.[31]
There has been an increase in the amount of psychological or mental distress which has been caused by the aforementioned factors.[32][33][34] Myopic depictions of Asian cultures continues to be a problem.[35]
Additionally, racism in Asia (racist attitudes which Asians have towards each other as well as racist attitudes which Asians have towards non-Asians) is also impacted by differences in nationality as well as regional differences.
See also
- Afrophobia
- Anti-Afghan sentiment
- Anti-Americanism
- Anti-Arab racism
- Anti-Bengali sentiment in India
- Anti-Chinese sentiment
- Anti-Europeanism
- Anti-Hungarian sentiment
- Anti-Indian sentiment
- Anti-Indonesian sentiment
- Anti-Iranian sentiment
- Anti-Japanese sentiment
- Anti-Khmer sentiment
- Anti-Korean sentiment
- Anti-Kurdish sentiment
- Anti-Malay sentiment
- Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment
- Anti-Mongolianism
- Anti-Pakistan sentiment
- Anti-Palestinianism
- Anti-Filipino sentiment
- Anti-Qing sentiment
- Anti-Romani sentiment
- Anti-Russian sentiment
- Antisemitism
- Anti-Slavic sentiment
- Anti-Thai sentiment
- Anti-Tibetan sentiment
- Anti-Turkish sentiment
- Anti-Vietnamese sentiment
- Anti-Western sentiment
- Discrimination based on skin color
- Dusky Peril
- Ethnocentrism
- Hispanophobia
- Historical race concepts
- Index of racism-related articles
- Interminority racism in the United States
- Islamophobia
- Mormon teachings on skin color
- Nativism (politics)
- Nativism in United States politics
- Negrophobia
- Racism against African Americans
- Racism against Native Americans in the United States
- Racism by country
- Racism in Africa
- Racism in the Arab world
- Racism in Asia
- Racism in Australia
- Racism in Europe
- Racism in Israel
- Racism in Jewish communities
- Racism in Muslim communities
- Racism in North America
- Racism in South America
- Racism in the State of Palestine
- Tatarophobia
- Yellow Peril
- Xenophobia
- Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey
- Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
- Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
- Xenophobia in the United States
References
- ^ Zheng, Lily (27 May 2021). "To Dismantle Anti-Asian Racism, We Must Understand Its Roots". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021.
- ^ Lee, Jennifer (18 May 2022). "Confronting the invisibility of anti-Asian racism". Brookings. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Ramirez, Rachel (2021-03-19). "The history of fetishizing Asian women". Vox. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Tu, Jessie (2018-11-27). "Because I am small and Asian, I am fetishised by some white men". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Qian, Yue (2020-02-09). "Asian guys stereotyped and excluded in online dating". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "Here's how pop culture has perpetuated harmful stereotypes of Asian women". TODAY.com. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Fang, Janet. "The Deadly Consequences of Hypersexualizing Asian Women". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "Single Asian Men and Harmful Stereotypes in the Dating World | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
- ^ "When Asians say they're not into Asian men". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Salesses, Matthew (23 October 2020). "'Good-looking for an Asian': how I shed white ideals of masculinity". The Guardian.
- ^ Demel, Walter (2013). "How the 'Mongoloid Race' Came into Being: Late Eighteenth-Century Constructions of East Asians in Europe". Race and Racism in Modern East Asia. pp. 59–85. doi:10.1163/9789004237414_004. ISBN 978-90-04-23741-4.
- ^ "Colonialism in Southeast Asia: Resistance, Negotiation and Legacies – University of Hawaii Manoa Library Website". Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "Opinion: White worship in Hong Kong: you can't end it if you refuse to acknowledge it even exists". South China Morning Post. 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "Unconscious bias and the bamboo ceiling". humanrights.gov.au. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Paner, Isabel (May 2018). The Marginalization and Stereotyping of Asians in American Film (Thesis). doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2018.HONORS.ST.08.
- ^ Abrams, Zara (December 2019). "Countering stereotypes about asian americans". Monitor on Psychology. 50 (11). American Psychological Association.
- ^ Tinkler, Justine; Zhao, Jun; Li, Yan; Ridgeway, Cecilia L. (January 2019). "Honorary Whites? Asian American Women and the Dominance Penalty". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 5: 237802311983600. doi:10.1177/2378023119836000. S2CID 150928622.
- ^ Dhingra, Pawan (October 2021). ""Over-zealous Parents, Over-programmed Families": Asian Americans, Academic Achievement, and White Supremacy". Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. 7 (4): 458–471. doi:10.1177/23326492211018483. ISSN 2332-6492. S2CID 236221102.
- ^ Panzer, Sarah (2023-07-10). "Honorary Aryans? Japanese German Mischlinge and the Negotiation of Identity in Nazi Germany". Contemporary European History: 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0960777323000334. ISSN 0960-7773. S2CID 259658679.
- ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-blacks
- ^ "Analysis | Asians are stereotyped as 'competent but cold.' Here's how that increases backlash from the coronavirus pandemic". Washington Post. 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Kim, Su Yeong; Wang, Yijie; Deng, Shiying; Alvarez, Rocio; Li, Jing (2011). "Accent, Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype, and Perceived Discrimination as Indirect Links between English Proficiency and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Adolescents". Developmental Psychology. 47 (1): 289–301. doi:10.1037/a0020712. PMC 3052861. PMID 21244164.
- ^ "Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide | Human Rights Watch". 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "America's long history of scapegoating its Asian citizens". History. 2020-09-02. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ "When Did East Asians Become Yellow? | Center for East Asian & Pacific Studies at Illinois". ceaps.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "How did Asians go from being called "white" to "yellow"". english.hani.co.kr. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "AAPI Communities are Not a Monolith - APCO Worldwide". apcoworldwide.com. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ Samari, Goleen (November 2016). "Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (11): 1920–1925. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374. PMC 5055770. PMID 27631738.
- ^ Welch, Kelly (April 2016). "Middle Eastern Terrorist Stereotypes and Anti-Terror Policy Support: The Effect of Perceived Minority Threat". Race and Justice. 6 (2): 117–145. doi:10.1177/2153368715590478. S2CID 31176854.
- ^ "Racial Profiling | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities – Asian American Policy Review". 2020-02-02. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ "The Facts About Asian American Mental Health and Suicide Rates". Newport Institute. 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Ahn, Lydia HaRim; Choi, Andrew Young; Choudhry, Adil; Nguyen, Mary; Meizys, Gintare M.; Chu, Annalisa; Hearns, Maynard (July 2023). "Asian American Men's Gendered Racial Socialization and Fragmented Masculinity: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis". The Counseling Psychologist. 51 (5): 684–718. doi:10.1177/00110000231170310. S2CID 258622070.
- ^ Karasz, Alison; Gany, Francesca; Escobar, Javier; Flores, Cristina; Prasad, Lakshmi; Inman, Arpana; Kalasapudi, Vasundhara; Kosi, Razia; Murthy, Meena; Leng, Jennifer; Diwan, Sadhna (August 2019). "Mental Health and Stress among South Asians". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 21 (Suppl 1): 7–14. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0501-4. PMC 5643212. PMID 27848078.
- ^ Adlakha, Siddhant (2023-09-28). "'The Creator' Brings Out the Worst Tendencies of Asian-Inspired Sci-Fi". JoySauce. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
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