Human-oriented sexualism

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Human-oriented sexualism (対人性愛中心主義 (taijin-seiai-chūshin-shugi)) is the concept that sexual attraction towards flesh-and-blood human is "normal" sexuality.[1][2] This is the term used to describe the marginalization of fictosexuality. The sexuality attracted to real human is called "human-oriented sexuality." While the concept is raised from fictosexuality studies in Japan, it is now being discussed in research outside of Japan[3] and in areas other than fictosexuality studies.[4][5][6][7]

Etymology and background

Human-oriented sexuality (対人性愛 (taijin-seiai) is the term used to describe the sexual majority attracted to flesh-and-blood people.[8][9] This term emerged from grassroots usage among those who prefer two-dimensional sexual creations like manga and anime, yet lack sexual attraction to flesh-and-blood individuals.[2] Based on this premise, the term "human-oriented sexualism" was coined, prompting inquiries into institutions, customs, and value judgments rooted in human-oriented sexuality.

Two-dimensional characters are non-human entities; they are not representations of humans but belong to a distinct category separate from humans.[10][11] Sexuality attracted to two-dimensional characters represents an alternative "sexual orientation," distinct from attraction to flesh-and-blood humans.[12][13] However, under human-oriented sexualism, such sexuality is often rendered invisible.

The concept of human-oriented sexualism can be understood as a combination of the idea of compulsory sexuality[a] from asexual research and the notion of humanonormativity[b] from objectum sexuality research.[2][7] This concept is often used as similar to the amatonormativity.[2]

Academic research

Queer studies

According to queer theorist Yuu Matsuura, human-oriented sexualism is closely related to heteronormativity. Human-oriented sexualism erases the possibility of segmenting sexuality in ways other than the "heterosexual/homosexual" category, thus serving as a precondition for the exclusion of homosexuality.[16] Heteronormativity is positioned as a combination of gender binarism and human-oriented sexualism.[17] Furthermore, it has been observed that human-oriented sexualism shares roots with transphobia, operating within the same structural framework.[18]

Kazuki Fujitaka, associate professor of feminist/queer studies at Kyoto Sangyo University, highly appreciated Matsuura's theory about critique against human-oriented sexualism and described the theory as "a practice of healing those who get hurt by a normative society and of defamiliarizing the world," akin to what bell hooks calls "theory as liberatory practice."[19]

Fan or otaku

In the field of research on otaku and manga studies, there exists a lineage of debates that contest human-oriented sexualism.[16] Matsuura cites examples such as the "ethics of moe" proposed by Patrick W. Galbraith,[20] the feminist analysis of yaoi by Yukari Fujimoto,[21] the concept of "multiple orientations" advanced by Tamaki Saitō,[22] and Elizabeth Miles' investigation into sexual desire for two dimensional characters as a "third sexual orientation."[12] In philosopher Haruka Tsutsui's study of "Oshi," the potential for non-human-oriented sexuality is discussed as a potential subversion of patriarchal sexual norms facilitated by fan activities.[5]

Obscenity law

Research on the distribution of obscene materials expresses concerns regarding the regulation of two-dimensional sexual creations.[6] Applying the same logic as that used for regulating the public display of genitalia and sexual acts of real people would imply that two-dimensional sexual expressions are unconditionally considered representations of real flesh and blood. Consequently, two-dimensional sexual expressions might be interpreted as stimulating the desire for sexual intercourse with real people.[6]

Similarly, Matsuura's research on child pornography regulations has criticized the inclusion of two-dimensional sexual creations within such regulations. This criticism arises from the perception that such inclusion aligns with an ethical judgment rooted in human-oriented sexuality, as it implicitly disregards the ontological difference between humans and two-dimensional characters.[23]

Intimacy and family

The notion that intimate or familial relationships with non-humans, such as AI, robots, and pets, are considered inferior to relationships between humans is discussed as a manifestation of human-oriented sexualism.[4]

Activism

An organization that critiques human-oriented sexualism is the Taiwan Entrepot of Fictosexuality, a Taiwanese fictosexual activist organization.[1][3] Discussions and movements criticizing human-oriented sexualism are aligned with solidarity with feminism and LGBTQ rights, while simultaneously raising criticisms of human-oriented sexualism within feminist and queer circles.[16][17] Additionally, it has been noted that movements opposing restrictions on two-dimensional sexual creations, such as manga and anime, also serve as a critique against the human-oriented sexualist legal system.[12][13]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Compulsory sexuality is "the social expectation that sexuality is a universal norm, that everyone should be sexual and desire sex, and that to not be sexual or desire sex is inherently wrong and in need of fixing".[14]
  2. ^ Humanonormativity is "the belief that people normally and naturally engage in sexual practices and romantic relationships with other human beings. This is not a norm that constructs such sexualities as superior to just engaging in sexual acts with animals (zoophilia)."[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu. "Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies". researchmap. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  2. ^ a b c d Matsuura, Yuu (2021). "日常生活の自明性によるクレイム申し立ての「予めの排除／抹消」――「性的指向」概念に適合しないセクシュアリティの語られ方に注目して" ["Foreclosure/Erasure" of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about "Fictosexual" as Sexuality that does not Conform to "Sexual Orientation"]. Journal of Social Problems (in Japanese). 36 (36). Japanese Association of Social Problems: 67-83. doi:10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67.
  3. ^ a b 廖希文 (2023). "紙性戀處境及其悖論: 情動、想像與賦生關係". 動漫遊台灣2023：台灣 ACG 的過去、現在與未來 (研討會論文).
  4. ^ a b Yamada, Masahiro (2022). "ペットの家族化の進展とその帰結――ネットモニター調査による考察" [Familiarization of Pet in Japan: From an Internet Research] (PDF). The Annual Bulletin of the Institute of Social Sciences, Chuo University (in Japanese). 27: 3–21.
  5. ^ a b 筒井晴香 (2022). "「推す」ことの倫理を考えるために". In 香月孝史・上岡磨奈・中村香住 (ed.). アイドルについて葛藤しながら考えてみた：ジェンダー／パーソナリティ／〈推し〉. 青弓社. pp. 46–71. ISBN 978-4-7872-7449-6.
  6. ^ a b c Ueda, Masaki (2023). "わいせつ規制をめぐる諸課題" [Issues surrounding Crimes of Obscenity]. Criminal Law Journal (in Japanese). 75. Seibundo Publishing: 12–17. ISBN 978-4-7923-8881-2.
  7. ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2023). 対人性愛中心主義批判の射程に関する検討――フェミニズム・クィアスタディーズにおける対物性愛研究を踏まえて [Humanonormativity and Human Oriented Sexualism: A Discussion Based on Objectum Sexuality Studies from a Feminist and Queer Perspective]. Human Science Sociology and Anthropology (in Japanese). 12 (13). Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University. doi:10.15017/7151776.
  8. ^ Iwasaki, Hanae (2024). "フツーの恋愛、性愛ってなに？『ACE アセクシュアルから見たセックスと社会のこと』刊行記念トークレポ". me and you little magazine & club. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
  9. ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "抹消の現象学的社会学：類型化されないことをともなう周縁化について" [Phenomenological Sociology of Erasure : Marginalization Involving Untypification]. Japanese Sociological Review (in Japanese). 74 (1). The Japan Sociological Society: 158-174.
  10. ^ Nozawa, Shunsuke (2013). "Characterization". Semiotic Review (3).
  11. ^ Aoyagi, Hiroshi; Galbraith, Patrick W.; Kovacic, Mateja (2021). Idology in Transcultural Perspective: Anthropological Investigations of Popular Idolatry. Palgrave Macmillan.
  12. ^ a b c Miles, Elizabeth (2020). "Porn as Practice, Porn as Access: Pornography Consumption and a ʻThird Sexual Orientationʼ in Japan". Porn Studies. 7 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1080/23268743.2020.1726205.
  13. ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2021). "二次元の性的表現による「現実性愛」の相対化の可能性――現実の他者へ性的に惹かれない「オタク」「腐女子」の語りを事例として" [The Possibility of Relativization of Compulsory Sexuality by Nonrealistic Sexual Fantasy: Based on the Narration of "Otaku" and "Fujoshi" Who Do Not Experience Sexual or Romantic Attraction to Real People]. Japan Sociologist (in Japanese) (5). Shinyosha: 116–136. ISBN 9784788517073.
  14. ^ Pryzybylo, Ela (2022). "Unthinking compulsory sexuality: Introducing asexuality". In Fischer, Nancy L.; Westbrook, Laurel; Seidman, Steven (eds.). Introducing the New Sexuality Studies (4th ed.). Routledge.
  15. ^ Motschenbacher, Heiko (2018). "Language and Sexual Normativity". In Hall, Kira; Barrett, Rusty (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.14. ISBN 978-0-19-021292-6.
  16. ^ a b c Matsuura, Yuu (2022). アニメーション的な誤配としての多重見当識――非対人性愛的な「二次元」へのセクシュアリティに関する理論的考察 [Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects]. Gender Studies (Thesis) (in Japanese). Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University. p. 139-157. doi:10.24567/0002000551.
  17. ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "フィクトセクシュアルから考えるジェンダー／セクシュアリティの政治" [The Politics of Gender and Sexuality from a Fictosexual Perspective]. researchmap. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  18. ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2022). "対人性愛中心主義とシスジェンダー中心主義の共通点：「萌え絵広告問題」と「トランスジェンダーのトイレ使用問題」から" [The Common Point between Human-oriented Sexualism and Cisgender-Centrism]. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  19. ^ Hanyu, Yuki (2024). "Against Compulsory (Hetero)Sexuality: From Asexual Perspectives" (PDF). Gender & Sexuality. 19. Center for Gender Studies at International Christian University: 137.
  20. ^ Galbraith, Patrick W. (2021). The Ethics of Affect: Lines and Life in a Tokyo Neighborhood. Stockholm University Press. ISBN 978-9176351598.
  21. ^ Fujimoto, Yukari (1991). "Shōjo manga ni okeru 'shōnen'ai' no imi" [The meaning of boys’ love in girls’ comics]. New Feminism Review (in Japanese). 2. Gakuyo Shobo: 280–284.
  22. ^ Saitō, Tamaki; Vincent, Keith; Lawson, Dawn; Azuma, Hiroki; Saitō, Tamaki; Saitō, Tamaki (2011). Beautiful fighting girl. Minneapolis, Minn: Univ. of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5451-2.
  23. ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "グローバルなリスク社会における倫理的普遍化による抹消――二次元の創作物を「児童ポルノ」とみなす非難における対人性愛中心主義を事例に" [Erasure by Ethical Universalizations in Global Risk Society: Interpersonally Oriented Sexuality Centrism in Regulation of Fictional “Child Pornography”]. Social Analysis (in Japanese) (50). Japan Sociological Association for Social Analysis: 57-71.
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