Functional somatic syndrome

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Functional somatic syndrome
SpecialtyPsychiatry

The term functional somatic syndrome (FSS) refers to a group of chronic diagnoses with no identifiable organic cause. This term was coined by Hemanth Samkumar.[citation needed] It encompasses disorders such as fibromyalgia, chronic widespread pain, temporomandibular disorder, irritable bowel syndrome,[1] lower back pain, tension headache, atypical face pain, non-cardiac chest pain, insomnia, palpitation, dyspepsia and dizziness.[2] General overlap exists between this term, somatization and somatoform. The status of ME/CFS as a functional somatic syndrome is contested.[3] Although the aetiology remains unclear, there are consistent findings of biological abnormalities, and major health bodies such as the NAM, WHO, and NIH, classify it as an organic disease.[4][5][6]

The currently identified class of functional somatic syndromes present as a complex enigma within the medical community; they are highly prevalent, but little is known about the etiology of these conditions. A majority of patients presenting with persistent, widespread somatic complaints have no identifiable organic cause. Biological markers for the FSS diagnoses are non-existent, making the categorization difficult; there is currently much debate regarding whether the FSS diagnoses represent separate conditions or one overarching diagnosis.[1] A large overlap of symptoms exist between the FSS diagnoses, causing high rates of comorbidity between them; the prevalence of comorbid FSS diagnoses ranges from 20% to 70%, while comorbid affective disorders with a fibromyalgia diagnosis ranges from 20% to 80%.[7]

While FSS diagnoses are relatively common within the general community, they are significantly more common among patients presenting with comorbid psychopathology; approximately one third of patients presenting with an FM diagnosis also meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[8] Similarly, rates of PTSD are roughly 9.5–43.5% higher in people seeking treatment for a functional somatic syndrome as opposed to the general population.[9] Aside from the physiological symptoms of FSS such as sleep disturbances, chronic pain and general fatigue, certain psychological symptoms are also associated with most FSSs, such as anxiety, depression and panic disorder.

Signs and symptoms

Functional somatic syndromes are characterized by ambiguous, non-specific symptoms that appear in otherwise-healthy people. Overlap in symptomology exists across diagnoses, including gastrointestinal issues, pain, fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and sleep difficulties. Some have proposed to group symptoms into clusters[10][11] or into one general functional somatic disorder given the finding of correlations between symptoms and underlying etiologies.[12][13]

Potential causes

Biological factors

One commonly cited hypothesis in the literature implicates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) and cortisol secretion in the manifestation of somatic symptoms following trauma.[14] The HPA axis plays a major role in moderating the body's stress response to both emotional and physical pain, relating to both the experience of psychological symptoms prevalent following trauma as well as the physiological symptoms prevalent in FSS conditions.[15] When an individual experiences a traumatic event, the HPA-axis causes the increased release of cortisol, activating the sympathetic nervous pathway and causing negative feedback to be sent to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In people who have experienced significant trauma, this reaction can become dysfunctional and can cause a chronic decrease in cortisol production, though the rates of this decrease in cortisol levels varies across different types and frequencies of trauma.[16] For example, fibromyalgia is characterized as a stress response disorder; similar to trauma, patients with fibromyalgia demonstrate a susceptibility to neuroendocrine dysfunctions. Fibromyalgia patients statistically exhibit atypical patterns of daily cortisol secretion, as well as significantly low urine cortisol levels.[14]

Psychological factors

Patients with somatic syndromes such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome have significantly higher rates of both physical and sexual abuse prior to the onset of their physiological symptoms, as well as higher rates of previous emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect compared to the general population.[17] Further, childhood trauma such as sexual abuse or maltreatment can indicate an increased propensity for later somatic syndrome onset. Current theories propose an "attentional bias" as the psychological mechanism by which trauma and somatic symptoms are tied.[18][19] The concept of attentional bias refers to the idea that traumatic events can cause individuals to become more attuned to their bodies, thus intensifying the perception of pain, fatigue, and other common somatic symptoms.[19] The initial traumatic event is interpreted as a threat to the body, and therefore the stress-response of the body takes on a new, heightened awareness to any potential subsequent threats. This attentional bias leads to a "health anxiety," where the patient becomes increasingly concerned that common somatic symptoms are related to a physical disease or injury, and therefore, another potential bodily threat.[18] An initial perception of lost control can further lead to this attentional bias; sense of control is negatively associated with symptom reporting, suggesting that somatic symptoms are more closely monitored when psychologically recovering from an incident of lost control.[20] Functional Somatic Syndromes are thought to be a result of conditioned hyperarousal following a trauma; victims are conditioned to respond more sensitively to the somatic symptoms following a trauma by their attention to and reinforcement of the symptom existence. This feedback loop is similar to that of panic disorder, in which fear of a subsequent panic attack causes an increased hyper-vigilance towards, and exacerbation of, certain physiological symptoms, such as heart palpitations, dizziness, and breathlessness.[21]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a FSS is usually conducted in a "rule-out" method, where physicians rule out other rheumatology disorders with existing biomarkers prior to arriving at a FSS diagnosis.

Treatment

Due to the underlying psychological component of functional somatic syndromes, therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are common treatments. Multiple antidepressants have also shown to be effective for FSS diagnoses that include chronic pain.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b Afari, Niloofar; Ahumada, Sandra M.; Wright, Lisa Johnson; Mostoufi, Sheeva; Golnari, Golnaz; Reis, Veronica; Cuneo, Jessica Gundy (January 2014). "Psychological Trauma and Functional Somatic Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Psychosomatic Medicine. 76 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010. ISSN 0033-3174. PMC 3894419. PMID 24336429.
  2. ^ Mayou, R. (3 August 2002). "ABC of psychological medicine: Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes". BMJ. 325 (7358): 265–268. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7358.265. PMC 1123778. PMID 12153926.
  3. ^ Natelson, Benjamin H.; Lin, Jin-Mann S.; Lange, Gudrun; Khan, Sarah; Stegner, Aaron; Unger, Elizabeth R. (2019-11-17). "The effect of comorbid medical and psychiatric diagnoses on chronic fatigue syndrome". Annals of Medicine. 51 (7–8): 371–378. doi:10.1080/07853890.2019.1683601. ISSN 0785-3890. PMC 7877877. PMID 31642345.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  4. ^ Thoma, Manuel; Froehlich, Laura; Hattesohl, Daniel B. R.; Quante, Sonja; Jason, Leonard A.; Scheibenbogen, Carmen (January 2024). "Why the Psychosomatic View on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Is Inconsistent with Current Evidence and Harmful to Patients". Medicina. 60 (1): 83. doi:10.3390/medicina60010083. ISSN 1648-9144. PMC 10819994. PMID 38256344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2015-03-16. doi:10.17226/19012. ISBN 978-0-309-31689-7.
  6. ^ "NIH study offers new clues into the causes of post-infectious ME/CFS". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
  7. ^ Häuser, Winfried; Kosseva, Maria; Üceyler, Nurcan; Klose, Petra; Sommer, Claudia (2011-05-31). "Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis". Arthritis Care & Research. 63 (6): 808–820. doi:10.1002/acr.20328. ISSN 2151-464X. PMID 20722042.
  8. ^ Kleykamp, Bethea A.; Ferguson, McKenzie C.; McNicol, Ewan; Bixho, Ida; Arnold, Lesley M.; Edwards, Robert R.; Fillingim, Roger; Grol-Prokopczyk, Hanna; Turk, Dennis C.; Dworkin, Robert H. (February 2021). "The Prevalence of Psychiatric and Chronic Pain Comorbidities in Fibromyalgia: an ACTTION systematic review". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 51 (1): 166–174. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.10.006. PMID 33383293. S2CID 229948862.
  9. ^ Åkerblom, Sophia; Perrin, Sean; Rivano Fischer, Marcelo; McCracken, Lance M. (2017-02-13). "The Impact of PTSD on Functioning in Patients Seeking Treatment for Chronic Pain and Validation of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale". International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 24 (2): 249–259. doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9641-8. ISSN 1070-5503. PMC 5344943. PMID 28194719.
  10. ^ Fink, Per; Schröder, Andreas (May 2010). "One single diagnosis, bodily distress syndrome, succeeded to capture 10 diagnostic categories of functional somatic syndromes and somatoform disorders". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 68 (5): 415–426. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.004. PMID 20403500.
  11. ^ Lacourt, Tamara; Houtveen, Jan; van Doornen, Lorenz (1 January 2013). ""Functional somatic syndromes, one or many?" An answer by cluster analysis". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 74 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.013. ISSN 1879-1360. PMID 23272982.
  12. ^ Wessely, Simon; White, Peter D. (1 August 2004). "There is only one functional somatic syndrome". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 185 (2): 95–96. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.2.95. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 15286058.
  13. ^ Teodoro T, Oliveira R (November 2022). "The conceptual field of medically unexplained symptoms and persistent somatic symptoms" (PDF). CNS Spectrums: 1–2. doi:10.1017/S1092852922001031. PMID 36321347. S2CID 253256995.
  14. ^ a b Cohen, Hagit; Neumann, Lily; Haiman, Yehoshua; Matar, Michael A.; Press, Joseph; Buskila, Dan (August 2002). "Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in fibromyalgia patients: Overlapping syndromes or post-traumatic fibromyalgia syndrome?". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 32 (1): 38–50. doi:10.1053/sarh.2002.33719. ISSN 0049-0172. PMID 12219319.
  15. ^ Bryant, Richard A. (2011-07-15), "Psychological Interventions for Trauma Exposure and PTSD", Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 171–202, doi:10.1002/9781119998471.ch5, ISBN 9781119998471
  16. ^ Weber, Deborah A.; Reynolds, Cecil R. (June 2004). "Clinical Perspectives on Neurobiological Effects of Psychological Trauma". Neuropsychology Review. 14 (2): 115–129. doi:10.1023/b:nerv.0000028082.13778.14. ISSN 1040-7308. PMID 15264712. S2CID 24172922.
  17. ^ Yavne, Yarden; Amital, Daniela; Watad, Abdulla; Tiosano, Shmuel; Amital, Howard (August 2018). "A systematic review of precipitating physical and psychological traumatic events in the development of fibromyalgia". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 48 (1): 121–133. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.12.011. ISSN 0049-0172. PMID 29428291. S2CID 205143853.
  18. ^ a b Golding, Jacqueline M. (1994). "Sexual assault history and physical health in randomly selected Los Angeles women". Health Psychology. 13 (2): 130–138. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.13.2.130. ISSN 0278-6133. PMID 8020456.
  19. ^ a b Carleton, R. Nicholas; Duranceau, Sophie; McMillan, Katherine A.; Asmundson, Gordon J. G. (April 2018). "Trauma, Pain, and Psychological Distress". Journal of Psychophysiology. 32 (2): 75–84. doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000184. ISSN 0269-8803. S2CID 151333609.
  20. ^ Pennebaker, James W. (1982). The Psychology of Physical Symptoms. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9. ISBN 978-1-4613-8198-3.
  21. ^ Antony, Martin M.; Brown, Timothy A.; Craske, Michelle G.; Barlow, David H.; Mitchell, William B.; Meadows, Elizabeth A. (September 1995). "Accuracy of heartbeat perception in panic disorder, social phobia, and nonanxious subjects". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 9 (5): 355–371. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00017-i. ISSN 0887-6185.
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