Coordinates: 36°24′N 36°24′E / 36.4°N 36.4°E / 36.4; 36.4

1872 Amik earthquake

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1872 Antioch earthquake
1872 Amik earthquake is located in Turkey
1872 Amik earthquake
1872 Amik earthquake is located in Syria
1872 Amik earthquake
Local date3 April 1872 (1872-04-03)
Magnitude7.2 Ms
Epicenter36°24′N 36°24′E / 36.4°N 36.4°E / 36.4; 36.4
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedTurkey and Syria
Max. intensityMSK-64 XI (Catastrophic)
Casualties1,800 dead

The 1872 Amik (Antakya) earthquake occurred on April 3 with an epicenter within the Amik Valley in the Ottoman Empire.[1] Earthquake had an estimated magnitude of Mw  7.0–7.2 or Ms  7.2 and maximum MSK 64 rating of XI (Catastrophic). Turkey and Syria were devastated by this earthquake, and the region lost at least 1,800 residents.

Tectonic setting

The Amik Valley lies along the Dead Sea Transform Fault system; a predominantly strike-slip plate boundary between the African and Arabian tectonic plates. This ~1,000 km-long left-lateral transform fault connects the Red Sea spreading center in the south to the Maras Triple Junction in the north. At the Maras Triple Junction, the Dead Sea Transform Fault is one of two arms of the triple junction. Two other plate boundaries; the Cyprus arc, and East Anatolian Fault meet at this triple junction. Due to its location at an active and complex plate boundary, Antioch suffers from devastating earthquakes, including one in 115 AD that killed over 200,000 people.

Earthquake

The 1872 earthquake occurred along the Amanos Fault; a segment of the Dead Sea Transform. Its suggested epicenter is located just south of that of the 1822 Aleppo earthquake. Nicholas Ambraseys, a Greek seismologist, estimated the surface-wave magnitude at 7.2 Ms .[2] Estimates of the moment magnitude (Mw ) range from 7.0 to 7.2.[3]

A paleoseismic study of the Hacıpaşa Fault, another segment of the Dead Sea Transform, did not find any evidence related to the 1872 quake suggesting the rupture did not extend south towards the Al-Ghab Plain.[4] Studies on the Amanos Fault however, found evidence of a buried surface rupture that corresponded to the 1872 event. Seismologists believe the surface rupture could have extended for 50 km along the fault. The researchers also discovered another surface rupture associated with a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in 1408.[5] Isoseismal maps of the earthquake suggest rupture occurred at the southern tip of the Amanos Fault and extended to the coast of Samandağ via the Antakya Fault Zone.[6]

Impact

MSK 64 by location
MSK 64 Locations
MSK-64 VIII (Damaging)–MSK-64 XI (Catastrophic) Harem, Samandağ, Armanaz
MSK-64 VI (Strong)–MSK-64 VII (Very strong) Antioch, Aleppo, İskenderun
MSK-64 IV (Largely observed)–MSK-64 V (Fairly strong) Hama, Tripoli, Lebanon

Extreme damage was reported around the now drained Lake Amik. The worst damage occurred in the Kumlu district in Hatay Province. The towns of Samandağ, Fatikli and Altınözü suffered great devastation. An estimated 1,800 people were killed.[1] A maximum intensity of XI (Catastrophic) was assigned in Samandağ.[7]

Approximately 40 seconds of extreme shaking was sufficient to destroy 1,960 of the 3,003 homes and kill 500 residents. A further 894 homes suffered serious damage. More than 5,000 commercial buildings were destroyed with only a few hundred left intact. A Greek cathedral and American Protestant church collapsed, killing four. City gates fell to the ground.[7]

At least 38 villages outside the city were obliterated. In Suaidya, 2,150 homes collapsed and 300 people died. At least 170 were killed, 187 others were injured and 3,552 homes were destroyed in Qaramut. Another 300 people died in Qilliq and the town was completely destroyed. The ground at Qilliq fissured and erupted yellow sand during liquefaction. Along the eastern slopes of the Amik Valley, the ground was displaced and surface ruptures ripped through the valley.[7]

In Aleppo, an estimated 100 houses collapsed or were damaged. Seven residents lost their lives and three were injured. Many bridges also suffered damage. The earthquake was felt in Beirut, Rhodes, and Damascus. Shaking was not felt in Egypt,[7] but over a wide area from Rhodes to Diyarbakir and from Konya to Gaza.[3]

Along the coast of southern Turkey, a tsunami was reported, flooding the coast of Suaidiya. The tsunami reported inundated 2 km inland. In a 2003 study, tsunami experts from Tohoku University, Middle East Technical University and the National Observatory of Athens found a tsunami deposit that corresponded to 1872.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
  2. ^ Nicholas Ambraseys; J. A. Jackson (1998). "Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region". Geophysical Journal International. 133 (2): 390–406. Bibcode:1998GeoJI.133..390A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x.
  3. ^ a b Sesetyan, K.; Stucchi, M.; Castelli, V.; Gomez Capera, A.A. (16 February 2023). Kahramanmaraş - Gaziantep Türkiye M7.7 Earthquake, 6 February 2023 (04:17 GMT+03:00) Large historical earthquakes of the earthquake-affected region: a preliminary report (PDF) (Report). Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  4. ^ H. Serdar Akyuz; E. Altunel; Volkan Karabacak; Cahit Caglar Yalciner (2006). "Historical earthquake activity of the northern part of the Dead Sea Fault Zone, southern Turkey". Tectonophysics. 426 (3–4). Elsevier: 281–293. Bibcode:2006Tectp.426..281A. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.005.
  5. ^ Erhan Altunel; Mustapha Meghraoui; Volkan Karabacak; Serdar H. Akyüz; Matthieu Ferry; Çağlar Yalçıner; Marc Munschy179 (2009). "Archaeological sites (Tell and Road) offset by the Dead Sea Fault in the Amik Basin, Southern Turkey". Geophysical Journal International. 179 (3): 1313–1329. Bibcode:2009GeoJI.179.1313A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04388.x. S2CID 131058150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Carena, Sara; Friedrich, Anke; Verdecchia, Alessandro; Kahle, Beth Shaw (2023). "Identification of Source Faults of Large Earthquakes in the Turkey-Syria Border Region Between AD 1000 and Present, and their Relevance for the 2023 Mw 7.8 Pazarcık Earthquake". ESS Open Archive. 654. Bibcode:2023esoar.65414078C. doi:10.22541/essoar.168276026.65414078/v1.
  7. ^ a b c d Mohamed Reda Sbeinati; Ryad Darawcheh; Mikhail Mouty (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48 (3).
  8. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Tsunami Event Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
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