Yakima practical alphabet
The Yakima practical alphabet is an orthography used to write Sahaptin languages of the Pacific Northwest of North America.
History
The Yakima practical alphabet is based on the Americanist phonetic notation as well as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Uses
The Yakima practical alphabet is currently used in research, language teaching, and language revitalization efforts. According to Jansen (2010),[1] Sahaptian languages
[do] not have a long written tradition and the alphabet systems for writing the language are still fairly new. Words and sounds have been written by different individuals in a number of different ways. The system is not completely standardized, and, given the differences between dialects and speakers, many words have more than one “correct” spelling and pronunciation. In addition, pronunciations change depending on how carefully a person is speaking, how quickly they are speaking, and whether they are in a formal setting or at home. In telling legends or relating something that happened, words can be drawn out for emphasis, or said quickly to emphasize an abrupt or sudden event. Not every word is said the same way every time, and the variations are important to maintain.
Comparison with other orthographies
| IPA | Yakima practical alphabet | Warm Springs alphabet | CTUIR technical alphabet | Melville Jacob's technical alphabet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | a | a | a |
| aː | aa | aa | aa | a⋅, ω⋅ |
| t͡ʃ | ch | č, ch | č | tc |
| t͡ʃʼ | chʼ | čʼ, chʼ | č̓ | tʼc |
| h | h | h | h | h |
| i | i | i | i | i |
| iː | ii | ii | ii | i⋅, ei, ɛ⋅ |
| ə | ɨ | omitted | ɨ | ə |
| k | k | k | k | k, ɢ |
| kʼ | kʼ | kʼ | ḱ | kʼ |
| kʷ | kw | kw | kʷ | kw, ɢw |
| kʼʷ | kwʼ | kwʼ | k̓ʷ | kʼw |
| q | ḵ | q | q | q |
| qʼ | ḵʼ | qʼ | q̓ | qʼ |
| qʷ | ḵw | qw | qʷ | qw |
| qʼʷ | ḵwʼ | qwʼ | q̓ʷ | qʼw |
| l | l | l | l | l |
| ɬ | ɬ | l̴ | l̴ | l̴ |
| m | m | m | m | m |
| n | n | n | n | n |
| p | p | p | p | p, b |
| pʼ | pʼ | pʼ | p̓ | pʼ |
| s | s | s | s | s |
| ʃ | sh | š, sh | š | c |
| t | t | t | t | t, d |
| tʼ | tʼ | tʼ | t̓ | tʼ, t́θ |
| t͡ɬ | tl̴ | tl̴ | ƛ | tl̴ |
| t͡ɬʼ | tl̴ʼ | tl̴ʼ | ƛ̓ | t́ɫ |
| t͡s | ts | c | c | ts |
| t͡sʼ | tsʼ | cʼ | c̓ | t́s |
| u | u | u | u | u |
| uː | uu | uu | uu | u⋅, ω⋅ |
| w | w | w | w | w |
| x | x | x̂ | x | x |
| χ | x̱ | x | χ | x̣ |
| xʷ | xw | x̂w | χʷ | xw |
| χʷ | x̱w | xw | χʷ | x̣w, xᶸ |
| j | y | y | y | y |
| ʔ | ʼ | ʼ | ʔ | ʼ |
References
- ^ a b Jansen, Joana Worth (June 2010). A grammar of Yakima Ichishkiin/Sahaptin (PhD thesis). University of Oregon.
- ^ Jansen, J.W. (2020) Manuscript.
- ^ Hargus, S. & Beavert, V. (2014) Northwest Sahaptin. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44 (3), 311-342.
- ^ Rigsby, B. & Rude, N. (1996) Sketch of Sahaptin, a Sahaptian language. In Goddard, Ives (ed.), Languages (Handbook of North American Indians 17), 666–692. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ "Umatilla Language Online Dictionary". Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Retrieved 2021-05-22.