Wolfiporia extensa

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Wolfiporia extensa
Wolfiporia extensa sclerotium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Polyporales
Family:
Polyporaceae
Genus:
Wolfiporia
Species:
W. extensa
Binomial name
Wolfiporia extensa
(Peck) Ginns (1984)
Synonyms[1]
  • Pachyma cocos Fr. (1822)
  • Sclerotium cocos Schwein. (1822)
  • Daedalea extensa Peck (1891)
  • Poria Edalat, cocos F.A.Wolf (1922)
  • Macrohyporia cocos (Schwein.) I.Johans. & Ryvarden (1979)
  • Macrohyporia extensa (Peck) Ginns & J.Lowe (1983)
  • Wolfiporia cocos (F.A.Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb. (1984)

Wolfiporia extensa(syn. Poria cocos F.A.Wolf), commonly known as hoelen, poria, tuckahoe, China root, fu ling (茯苓, pīnyīn: fúlíng), or matsuhodo, is a fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a wood-decay fungus but has a subterranean growth habit. It is notable in the development of a large, long-lasting underground sclerotium that resembles a small coconut. This sclerotium, known as Tuckahoe or fu-ling (Chinese: 茯苓; pinyin: fúlíng), is not the same as the true tuckahoe used as Indian bread by Native Americans, which is the arrow arum, Peltandra virginica, a flowering tuberous plant in the arum family.

History

W. extensa is firstly recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica by Li, Shizhen around 16th Century, as one of the first books to record Chinese herbs. The book recorded its medicinal application in adverse urination, edema, spleen deficiency and diarrhea. W.extensa is used extensively as a medicinal mushroom in Chinese medicine.[2] Indications for use in the traditional Chinese medicine include promoting urination, to invigorate the spleen function (i.e., digestive function), and to calm the mind.[3]

Botanical extract

Wolfiporia extensa is a source of triterpenoid compounds, pachymic acid, polysaccharides, choline, and histidine which has been the object of scientific study based upon the mushroom's role in traditional Chinese medicine.[4]

Medicinal Use

The polysaccharides of Wolfiporia extensa and their derivatives have garnered significant interest due to their wide range of biological activities. These compounds exhibit potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral effects , which indicate their potential for further development as therapy or adjuvant therapy for cancer, immune modulation, and viral diseases.[4]

Besides, some polysaccharides have been found to possess obvious antidepressant effects and have the ability to suppress the proliferation of T- and B-cells. Preliminary research indicates a potential for these polysaccharides in the development of antidepressant or immunosuppressive agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries.[5]

Its main ingredients, triterpenoid compounds, exhibit significant pharmacological properties such as anti-diabetic and tonic medicine. Particularly, specific components like pachymic acid, 3-epidehydrotumulosic acid, and polyporenic acid C have been shown to significantly increase hypoglycemic activity, which is traditionally used in treating hyperglycemic disorders like diabetes.[6]

In addition, triterpenoids from Wolfiporia extensa have been also found to demonstrate significant diuretic activity in rats. Specifically, tetracyclic triterpenoids from P. cocos are aldosterone antagonists that can bind to renal cytoplasmic aldosterone receptors. This action enhances the urinary Na+/K+ ratio in rats and inhibits the Na+-K+ ATPase in the kidney and erythrocytes, which reduce the reabsorption of crude urine, leading to increased urine excretion, as diuresis application.[7]

A novel immunomodulatory glycoprotein from Wolfiporia extensa is demonstrated to be capable of activating murine macrophages, cells that play a crucial role in the body’s defense against diseases, such as bacterial infections and tumor cells involved in tumor lysis and growth inhibition. This suggests its Immunomodulatory effects as a herbal remedy.[8]

Modern pharmacological studies suggest multiple neurological benefits associated with the use of P. cocos. For instance, the P. cocos aqueous extract has been found to improve long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of rats and ameliorate scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment. Furthermore, P. cocos is a key ingredient in many traditional Chinese medicinal formulas used to manage neurodegenerative diseases.[9]

In Chinese Medicine, Wolfiporia extensa is commonly used for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It is known for its clinical efficacy in activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis.[10]

References

  1. ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  2. ^ Esteban CI. (2009). "Interés medicinal de Poria cocos (= Wolfiporia extensa)" [Medicinal interest of Poria cocos (= Wolfiporia extensa)]. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología (in Spanish). 26 (2): 103–7. doi:10.1016/S1130-1406(09)70019-1. hdl:10017/7998. PMID 19631158.
  3. ^ Bensky D, Clavey S, Stoger E. (2004) Eastland Press, Inc. Seattle, 3rd ed. ISBN 0939616424. p. 267
  4. ^ a b Sun, Yichun (July 2014). "Biological activities and potential health benefits of polysaccharides from Poria cocos and their derivatives". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 68: 131–134. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.010. ISSN 0141-8130. PMID 24751506.
  5. ^ Zhang, Wuxia; Chen, Lu; Li, Peng; Zhao, Jinzhong; Duan, Jinyou (December 2018). "Antidepressant and immunosuppressive activities of two polysaccharides from Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 120 (Pt B): 1696–1704. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.171. ISSN 0141-8130. PMID 30267822.
  6. ^ Huang, Yu-Chuan; Chang, Wen-Liang; Huang, Su-Fen; Lin, Cheng-Yu; Lin, Hang-Ching; Chang, Tsu-Chung (December 2010). "Pachymic acid stimulates glucose uptake through enhanced GLUT4 expression and translocation". European Journal of Pharmacology. 648 (1–3): 39–49. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.021. ISSN 0014-2999. PMID 20816811.
  7. ^ HU, Gao-Sheng; HUANG, Chong-Gui; ZHANG, Yang; XIAO, Wei; JIA, Jing-Ming (April 2017). "Accumulation of biomass and four triterpenoids in two-stage cultured Poria cocos mycelia and diuretic activity in rats". Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 15 (4): 265–270. doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30043-2. ISSN 1875-5364.
  8. ^ Chang, Hui-Hsin; Yeh, Chen-Hao; Sheu, Fuu (2009-07-22). "A Novel Immunomodulatory Protein from Poria cocos Induces Toll-like Receptor 4-Dependent Activation within Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (14): 6129–6139. doi:10.1021/jf9011399. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 19548679.
  9. ^ Jiang, Xia; Hu, Zhaotun; Qiu, Xiaoyan; Wu, Liming; Zhou, Rong; Yang, Yaoyao; Xiang, Xiaoliang (January 2023). "Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, a Traditional Chinese Edible Medicinal Herb, Promotes Neuronal Differentiation, and the Morphological Maturation of Newborn Neurons in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells". Molecules. 28 (22): 7480. doi:10.3390/molecules28227480. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 10672746. PMID 38005201.
  10. ^ Sun, Lan; Liu, Lina; Zong, Shaobo; Wang, Zhengzhong; Zhou, Jun; Xu, Zhiliang; Ding, Gang; Xiao, Wei; Kou, Junping (September 2016). "Traditional Chinese medicine Guizhi Fuling capsule used for therapy of dysmenorrhea via attenuating uterus contraction". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 191: 273–279. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.042. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 27340106.
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External links

Wolfiporia extensa
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
No distinct cap
Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Lacks a stipe
Spore print is white
Ecology is saprotrophic or parasitic
Edibility is inedible or edible
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