User talk:Scarpy/Vitamin B6 Toxicity

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Sources found and not used

I did a very thorough check of all the literature related to Megavitamin-B6 syndrome, most of it didn't make the cut for the article, but I've included a list of everything I cut out and tried to indicate why.

Too old?

  • Windebank, Anthony J. (1985). "Neurotoxicity of pyridoxine analogs is related to coenzyme structure". Neurochemical Pathology. 3 (3): 159–167. doi:10.1007/BF02834268. ISSN 0734-600X.

DRG

Sources/facts More appropriate in vitmain b6 article

  • "Most of the absored nonphosphorylated vitamin b6 goes to the liver, and certain forms of the vitamin (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pridoxamine) are converted to their respective 5'-phosphates by pyruddoxial kinase. Vitamin B6 can be bound to proteins in tissues, which limits accumulation at very high intakes. When this capacity is exceeded, nonphosphorylated forms of vitamin b6 are released by the liver and other tissues in to the circulation.A At pharmacological doses of vitamin b6 high amounts accumulate in the muscle, plasma and erythrocytes when other tissues are saturated... Most of the body's vitamin b6 is found in the muscle; the muscle pool of the vitamin appears to very slowly turn over. Vitamin B6 is oxidized in the liver and then released and primarily excreted in the urine." in Institute of Medicine (29 September 2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. National Academies Press. pp. 184–. ISBN 978-0-309-15742-1.
  • "some studies have suggested that increased levels of the B6 vitamers and some derivatives can generate toxic photoproducts as a result of UV irradiation [121,122,123]." in Mooney, Sutton; Leuendorf, Jan-Erik; Hendrickson, Christopher; Hellmann, Hanjo (2009). "Vitamin B6: A Long Known Compound of Surprising Complexity". Molecules. 14 (1): 329–351. doi:10.3390/molecules14010329. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6253932. PMID 19145213.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Coburn, S P; Ziegler, P J; Costill, D L; Mahuren, J D; Fink, W J; Schaltenbrand, W E; Pauly, T A; Pearson, D R; Conn, P S; Guilarte, T R (1991). "Response of vitamin B-6 content of muscle to changes in vitamin B-6 intake in men". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 53 (6): 1436–1442. doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.6.1436. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 2035470. ("These data provide further confirmation that the vitamin B-6 pools in skeletal muscle are resistant to depletion. They also demonstrate that in humans with constant body weight, vitamin B-6 supplementation is not associated with marked increases in vitamin B-6 in muscle.")
  • Gerald F. Combs, Jr.; James P. McClung (15 December 2016). The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Science. pp. 355–. ISBN 978-0-12-802983-1. (tissue distribution [muscle, liver, brain, etc] and exercise)
  • "Of circulating vitamin B6, 60 % is PLP [1]. The half-life of pyridoxine is up to 20 days. The major inactive metabolite 4-pyridoxal acid is excreted in the urine [5]." in Kennedy, Ashleigh; Schaeffer, Tammi (2016). "Pyridoxine". Critical Care Toxicology. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_174-1. ISBN 978-3-319-20790-2.
  • "Steroid hormone action.... Over the last 15 years a completely new function of vitamin B6 has been discovered; in regulating the actions of steroid hormones such as the oestrogens, progesterone and testosterone. These hormones all act by entering the cells of target tissues and binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus which then binds to DNA and regulates the expression of genes. Pyridoxal phosphate specifically binds to the hormone receptor protein in the nucleus and displaces it from DNA binding, so terminating the action of the hormone.... In vitamin B6 deficiency there is increased and prolonged retention of steroid hormones in the nucleus, together with increased responsiveness of target tissues to the actions of low concentrations of hormones. Conversely, concentrations of vitamin B6 greater than those normally found in tissues lead to reduced sensitivity to hormone action (Allgood and Cidlowski, 1992; Bender, 1987, 1994).... Although most of the body’s vitamin B6 is in muscle, associated with glycogen phosphorylase, this pool of the vitamin is only metabolized slowly; it is the 20 per cent of the total body content involved in amino acid metabolism and steroid hormone action that is metabolized rapidly. In studies of vitamin B6 requirements in which volunteers are deprived of the vitamin until specific biochemical signs of deficiency develop, and are then repleted with graded doses of the vitamin, it is found that depletion occurs faster, and repletion requires a higher intake, when the subjects are fed a high protein diet. Estimates of average requirements are therefore related to protein intake, and the reference nutrient intake (RNI) is based on 15µg of vitamin B6 per gram of dietary protein (Bender, 1989; Department of Health, 1991). This leads to RNIs for adults of between 1.4‐2.0mg/day (see Table I). For nutritional labelling of foods, the reference intake is 2.0mg/day.... High intakes of vitamin B6 supplements can lead to nerve damage. Schaumburg et al. (1983) reported the development of peripheral sensory neuropathy in seven patients who had been taking supplements of vitamin B6 in excess of 1g/day for several months. When the supplements were withdrawn, the patients showed some recovery of nerve function, but there was persistent damage in some cases....Bender, David A. (1997). "Vitamin B6". Nutrition & Food Science. 97 (4): 128–133. doi:10.1108/00346659710179642. ISSN 0034-6659.
  • "stored in tissue, amount 50mg to 150mg (total stored in body, muscle, brain, liver, etc)." also regarding b12 page 234, b12 is so safe that it's sometimes used as a placebo (it has a red color in transparent syringes), and it's intestinal uptake is limited so dosages of several hundred times the nutritional requirements are safe. Jim Mann; Stewart Truswell (26 January 2012). "Chapter 13: The B Vitamins". Essentials of Human Nutrition. OUP Oxford. pp. 224–226. ISBN 978-0-19-956634-1.
  • Ulvik, A.; Vollset, S. E.; Hoff, G.; Ueland, P. M. (2008). "Coffee Consumption and Circulating B-Vitamins in Healthy Middle-Aged Men and Women". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (9): 1489–1496. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.103465. ISSN 0009-9147.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C6&q=b6+rda+“4.2”&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DLxLc9bnnDl8J Scarpy (talk) 17:32, 15 January 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Gene-related and experimental treatments

Cited in reviews

Historic or seminal

  • Weigand, C. G.; Eckler, C. R.; Chen, K. K. (1940). "Action and Toxicity of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 44 (1): 147–151. doi:10.3181/00379727-44-11384. ISSN 1535-3702.
  • Spies, Tom D.; Bean, William B.; Ashe, William F. (1939). "A Note on the Use of Vitamin B6 in Human Nutrition". Journal of the American Medical Association. 112 (23): 2414. doi:10.1001/jama.1939.62800230005012d. ISSN 0002-9955.
  • Schneider, Robert A. (1964-10-01). "Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Toxicity Literature Review" (PDF). The literature from 1940 through June 1963 was surveyed to summarize the data from pyridoxine toxicity studies in animals and to ascertain the highest doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6 analogs) that have been administered to human subjects as a therapeutic measure with no clinical evidence of toxicity. Analysis of the data indicated that doses of 25 mg/kg pyridoxine hydrochloride should be well tolerated as a therapeutic measure when required. In particular, pyridoxine hydrochloride can be used when required in the specific treatment of a clinical entity such as acute UDMH intoxication. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • May, Charles D. (1954-09-01). "VITAMIN B6 IN HUMAN NUTRITION: A CRITIQUE AND AN OBJECT LESSON". Pediatrics. 10 (3): 269–279.* "Vitamin is Linked to Nerve Damage". The New York Times. 1983-08-25.
  • Brody, Jane E. (1984-03-14). "Personal Health; Vitamin Therapy: Toxic Side Effects of Massive Doese". The New York Times.
  • "Vitamin B6 Toxicity: A New Megavitamin Syndrome". Nutrition Reviews. 42 (2): 44–46. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1984.tb02281.x. ISSN 0029-6643.
  • Cohen, Marvin; Bendich, Adrianne (1986). "Safety of pyridoxine — A review of human and animal studies". Toxicology Letters. 34 (2–3): 129–139. doi:10.1016/0378-4274(86)90202-X. ISSN 0378-4274. PMID 3541289. ("Doses less than 500 mg/day appear to be safe on the basis of literature reports where the compound was administered for periods ranging from 6 months to 6 years.")
  • Phillips, W.E.J.; Mills, J.H.L.; Charbonneau, S.M.; Tryphonas, L.; Hatina, G.V.; Zawidzka, Z.; Bryce, F.R.; Munro, I.C. (1978). "Subacute toxicity of pyridoxine hydrochloride in the beagle dog". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 44 (2): 323–333. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(78)90194-1. ISSN 0041-008X. PMID 675705. ("... but with higher doses or the long-term administration of as little as 200mg/day, ataxia, muscle weakness, and progressive neurotoxicity occurred.")
  • Glatthaar, Ingrid (June 1985). "Vitamin B6 Toxicity: a new megavitamin syndrome". South African Family Practice. 6 (6). Archived from the original on 2019-10-02.
  • Bässler, K. H. (1989). "Use and abuse of high dosages of vitamin B6". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Supplement. 30: 120–6. PMID 2507692. ("Furthermore, there appears to be an inverse relationship between the dose and the time up to the occurrence of toxic symptoms.")
  • Parry, G. J.; Bredesen, D. E. (1985). "Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine". Neurology. 35 (10): 1466–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.35.10.1466. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 2993949.
  • Dalton, K.; Dalton, M. J. T. (1987). "Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 76 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03536.x. ISSN 0001-6314. PMID 3630649.
  • Berger, A. R.; Schaumburg, H. H.; Schroeder, C.; Apfel, S.; Reynolds, H. (1992). "Dose response, coasting, and differential fiber vulnerability in human toxic neuropathy: A prospective study of pyridoxine neurotoxicity". Neurology. 42 (7): 1367–70. doi:10.1212/WNL.42.7.1367. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 1620347. (this might be the first coasting paper)
  • Very high doses were also found to be well-tolerated as a treatment for Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) intoxication. in Schneider, Robert A. (1964-10-01). "Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Toxicity Literature Review" (PDF). The literature from 1940 through June 1963 was surveyed to summarize the data from pyridoxine toxicity studies in animals and to ascertain the highest doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6 analogs) that have been administered to human subjects as a therapeutic measure with no clinical evidence of toxicity. Analysis of the data indicated that doses of 25 mg/kg pyridoxine hydrochloride should be well tolerated as a therapeutic measure when required. In particular, pyridoxine hydrochloride can be used when required in the specific treatment of a clinical entity such as acute UDMH intoxication. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Animal studies

Amount in foods

Details on B6 metabolism not directly related

  • Merrill, Alfred H.; Henderson, J. Michael (1990). "Vitamin B6Metabolism by Human Liver". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 585 (1 Vitamin B6): 110–117. Bibcode:1990NYASA.585..110M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28047.x. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 2192606. (excellent summary of b6 metabolism, but not directly on topic)
  • Hamel, Frederick G.; Albersen, Monique; Bosma, Marjolein; Knoers, Nine V. V. A. M.; de Ruiter, Berna H. B.; Diekman, Eugène F.; de Ruijter, Jessica; Visser, Wouter F.; de Koning, Tom J.; Verhoeven-Duif, Nanda M. (2013). "The Intestine Plays a Substantial Role in Human Vitamin B6 Metabolism: A Caco-2 Cell Model". PLoS ONE. 8 (1): e54113. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854113A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054113. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3544708. PMID 23342087.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Zempleni, J (1995). "Pharmacokinetics of vitamin B6 supplements in humans". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 14 (6): 579–586. doi:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718546. ISSN 0731-5724. PMID 8598418.
  • Lui, A.; Lumeng, L.; Aronoff, G. R.; Li, T. K. (1985). "Relationship between body store of vitamin B6 and plasma pyridoxal-P clearance: metabolic balance studies in humans". The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 106 (5): 491–7. PMID 4056565.
  • Medicine, Institute of (2006-09-29). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. ISBN 9780309157421. (mentions "b6 accumulates in the muscle "At pharmacological doses of vitamin b6, high amounts accumulate in the muscle, plasma, and erythrocytes with other tissues are saturated. Most of the body's vitamin b6 is found in the muscle; the muscle pool of the vitamin appears to very slowly turn over. Vitamin B6 is oxidized in the liver and then released and primarily excreted in the urine." but I don't see much direct relevance here)
  • "The Effect of Exercise and Heat on Vitamin Requirements". National Academies Press (US). 1993. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) (PLP increased following exercise for a 20-50 minutes, then returned to baseline after 30 minutes -- other very interesting tidbits about exercise and diet and b6. mentions b6 stored in the liver?)
  • Van Den Berg, H.; Bogaards, J. J.; Sinkeldam, E. J.; Schreurs, W. H. (1982). "Effect of different levels of vitamin B6 in the diet of rats on the content of pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in the liver". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition. 52 (4): 407–16. PMID 7160968. (more on b6 and liver)

Other not directly related, or not most apt

Coverage of UK debate

Microbiome relationship

Unreliable by Wikipedia standards, but memorable

Flagged as predatory open access journal articles

  • Maslinska, Maria; Spychalska, Marta; Kwiatkowska, Brygida (2018). "Small fiber neuropathy as a part of fibromyalgia or a separate diagnosis?". International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 13 (6). doi:10.4172/1758-4272.1000210. ISSN 1758-4272.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Subscription

Alternative medicine journals


May be used in the future

Hypovolemia

Cisplatin

  • Helgren, Maureen E.; Cliffer, Kenneth D.; Torrento, Kim; Cavnor, Chris; Curtis, Rory; DiStefano, Peter S.; Wiegand, Stanley J.; Lindsay, Ronald M. (1997). "Neurotrophin-3 Administration Attenuates Deficits of Pyridoxine-Induced Large-Fiber Sensory Neuropathy". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (1): 372–382. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00372.1997. ISSN 0270-6474.
  • Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Marsili, Sabrina; Vitale, Ilio; Senovilla, Laura; Michels, Judith; Garcia, Pauline; Vacchelli, Erika; Chatelut, Etienne; Castedo, Maria; Kroemer, Guido (2014). "Vitamin B6 metabolism influences the intracellular accumulation of cisplatin". Cell Cycle. 12 (3): 417–421. doi:10.4161/cc.23275. ISSN 1538-4101.
  • Aranda, Fernando; Bloy, Norma; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Kroemer, Guido; Senovilla, Laura (2014). "Vitamin B6 improves the immunogenicity of cisplatin-induced cell death". OncoImmunology. 3 (9): e955685. doi:10.4161/21624011.2014.955685. ISSN 2162-402X.
  • Gao, Wei-Qiang; Dybdal, Noel; Shinsky, Natasha; Murnane, Amy; Schmelzer, Charles; Siegel, Mark; Keller, Gilbert; Hefti, Franz; Phillips, Heidi S.; Winslow, John W. (1995). "Neurotrophin-3 reverses experimental cisplatin-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy". Annals of Neurology. 38 (1): 30–37. doi:10.1002/ana.410380108. ISSN 0364-5134.
  • Chattopadhyay, Munmun; Wolfe, Darren; Huang, Shaohua; Goss, James; Glorioso, Joseph C.; Mata, Marina; Fink, David J. (2002). "In vivo gene therapy for pyridoxine-induced neuropathy by herpes simplex virus-mediated gene transfer of neurotrophin-3". Annals of Neurology. 51 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1002/ana.10061. ISSN 0364-5134.
  • Chattopadhyay, M. (2004). "Protective effect of herpes simplex virus-mediated neurotrophin gene transfer in cisplatin neuropathy". Brain. 127 (4): 929–939. doi:10.1093/brain/awh103. ISSN 1460-2156.

Exercise

  • Ying, Zhe; Roy, Roland R.; Edgerton, V.Reggie; Gómez-Pinilla, Fernando (2003). "Voluntary exercise increases neurotrophin-3 and its receptor TrkC in the spinal cord". Brain Research. 987 (1): 93–99. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03258-X. ISSN 0006-8993.

Water

  • Wolf, Ronni; Wolf, Danny; Rudikoff, Donald; Parish, Lawrence Charles (2010). "Nutrition and water: drinking eight glasses of water a day ensures proper skin hydration—myth or reality?". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (4): 380–383. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.022. ISSN 0738-081X.
  • Valtin, Heinz (2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 283 (5): R993–R1004. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002. ISSN 0363-6119.
  • Stookey, Jodi D.; Constant, Florence; Popkin, Barry M.; Gardner, Christopher D. (2008). "Drinking Water Is Associated With Weight Loss in Overweight Dieting Women Independent of Diet and Activity". Obesity. 16 (11): 2481–2488. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.409. ISSN 1930-7381.

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