User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course/Law

v t e Law
Core subjects	Administrative law Civil law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Crime Deed Doctrine Equity Evidence International law Law of obligations Private law Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public law Punishment Corporal Restitution and unjust enrichment Statutory law Tort
Disciplines	Abortion law Agricultural law Aviation law Amnesty law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Competition law Conflict of laws Construction law Consumer protection Corporate law Cyberlaw Drugs law Election law Energy law Entertainment law (Media law) Environmental law Family law Financial law Financial regulation Health law Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights International slavery laws International trade law Jurimetrics Labour Landlord–tenant law Law of war Legal archaeology Legal fiction Maritime law Marriage law Military law Nationality law Probate Estate Will and testament Product liability Public international law Refugee law Reparations Space law Sports law State of emergency Tax law Transport law Trust law Unenforced law Women in law
Sources of law	Charter Legal code / Statutory law Constitution Custom Divine right Divine law Human rights Letters patent Natural law Natural and legal rights Case law Precedent Law reports Legal treatise Regulations
Law making	Ballot measure Codification Decree Edict Executive order Proclamation Legislation Delegated legislation Regulation Rulemaking Promulgation Repeal Treaty Concordat Statutory law Statute Act of parliament Act of Congress Basic structure doctrine
Legal systems	Civil law Common law Chinese law Legal pluralism Religious law Canon law Catholic canon law Hindu law Jain law Jewish law Parsi law Sharia Roman law Byzantine law Socialist law Statutory law Xeer Yassa
Legal theory	Anarchist Contract theory Comparative law Expressive function Feminist Law and economics Legal formalism History Libertarian International legal theory Principle of legality Principle of typicality Pseudolaw Rule of law Rule of man Sociology
Jurisprudence	Adjudication Administration of justice Constitutionalism Criminal justice Court-martial Dispute resolution Fiqh Lawsuit/Litigation Legal opinion Legal remedy Judge Justice of the peace Magistrate Judgment Judicial review Jurisdiction Jury Justice Practice of law Attorney Barrister Counsel Lawyer Legal representation Prosecutor Solicitor Question of fact Question of law Trial Trial advocacy Trier of fact Verdict
Legal institutions	Barristers' chambers Bureaucracy The bar The bench Civil society Court Court of equity Election commission Executive Judiciary Law enforcement Legal education Law school Legislature Military Police Political party Tribunal
History	History of the legal profession History of the American legal profession
Law portal Category Index Outline

v t e Jurisprudence
Index
Legal theory	Constitutionalism Critical legal studies Comparative law Economic analysis Legal norms International legal theory Legal history Philosophy of law Sociology of law
Philosophers	Alexy Aquinas Aristotle Austin Bastiat Beccaria Bentham Blackstone Bobbio Bork Cardozo Durkheim Dworkin Ehrlich Finnis Fuller Grotius Gurvitch Habermas Haller Han Hart Hegel Hobbes Hägerström Jellinek Jhering Kant Kelsen Leoni Llewellyn Luhmann Marx Müller Nussbaum Olivecrona Pashukanis Perelman Petrażycki Posner Pound Pufendorf Radbruch Rawls Raz Reinach Renner Ross Rumi Savigny Scaevola Schmitt Shang Suárez Stahl Unger Voegelin Walzer Weber
Theories	Analytical jurisprudence Deontological ethics Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law German historical school Interpretivism Legal moralism Legal positivism Legal realism Legalism Libertarian theories of law Natural law Paternalism Utilitarianism Virtue jurisprudence
Concepts	Dharma Fa Judicial interpretation Justice Law without the state Legal system Li Question of law Rational-legal authority Usul al-Fiqh
Category Law portal Philosophy portal WikiProject Law WikiProject Philosophy changes

v t e Miscarriage of justice
Types of misconduct	Prosecutorial misconduct Police misconduct Police corruption Selective prosecution Malicious prosecution Selective enforcement Abuse of process Attorney misconduct Bad apples Abuse of discretion Entrapment False arrest Gaming the system Legal malpractice Kangaroo court Show trial Sharp practice Jury tampering Witness tampering Brady disclosure Spoliation of evidence Civil wrong
False evidence	False confession Forced confession False accusation Rape Child sexual abuse Police perjury Mistaken identity Eyewitness memory Eyewitness identification Cross-race effect Misinformation effect Tampering with evidence Frameup
Wrongful convictions	List of wrongful convictions in the United States List of exonerated death row inmates List of miscarriage of justice cases Overturned convictions in the United States Wrongful execution
Advocacy	Innocence Project National Registry of Exonerations Investigating Innocence
Contributing factors	Race in the United States criminal justice system Innocent prisoner's dilemma Blue wall of silence Racial profiling Loophole Ineffective assistance of counsel Prosecutor's fallacy
Norms and remedies	Legal ethics Exculpatory evidence Right to a fair trial Actual innocence Equal Protection Clause Innocence Protection Act
Related concepts	Capital punishment in the United States Batson v. Kentucky List of death row inmates in the United States
Law portal

Contract law

Formation
Capacity Offer and acceptance Meeting of the minds² Abstraction principle^4,5 Posting rule¹ Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration^1,4 Implication-in-fact Collateral contract
Defences
Misrepresentation Mistake Threats and unequal bargaining power Illegality and public policy Unconscionability Culpa in contrahendo² Force majeure Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Hardship Set-off Illusory promise¹ Statute of frauds¹ Non est factum¹ Unclean hands¹ Accord and satisfaction¹ Exculpatory clause
Interpretation
Parol evidence³ Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem UNIDROIT Principles
Dispute resolution
Choice of law clause Forum selection clause Hague Choice of Court Convention Arbitration New York Convention UNCITRAL Model Law Mediation Singapore Mediation Convention Enforcement of foreign judgments Hague Judgments Convention
Rights of third parties
Privity of contract¹ Assignment Delegation Novation Third-party beneficiary
Breach of contract
Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach
Remedies
Specific performance³ Money damages Liquidated, stipulated, or penal damages³ Rescission
Quasi-contractual obligations
Promissory estoppel¹ Quantum meruit¹ Unjust enrichment Restitution Negotiorum gestio²
Duties of parties
Duty of honest contractual performance (or doctrine of abuse of rights)⁶ Duty of good faith (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)⁷ Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law⁶
Related areas of law
Conflict of laws Commercial law
By jurisdiction
Australia Canada China (mainland) Ireland India Saudi Arabia United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland United States
Other law areas
Tort law Property law Wills, trusts, and estates Criminal law Evidence
Notes
1 Specific to common law jurisdictions 2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions 3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions 4 Specific to the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch and other civil codes based on the pandectist tradition 5 Explicitly rejected by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 6 Specific to Canadian contract law both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces 7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American Uniform Commercial Code, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to contractual and pre-contractual negotiation
v t e

Tort law
Part of the common law series
(Outline)
Trespass to the person
Assault Battery False imprisonment Intentional infliction of emotional distress
Property torts
Trespass land chattels Conversion
Dignitary torts
Appropriation Defamation Slander Libel False light Invasion of privacy Intrusion on seclusion Breach of confidence Abuse of process Malicious prosecution Sexual torts Alienation of affections Criminal conversation Seduction Breach of promise
Negligent torts
Negligent infliction of emotional distress Employment-related Entrustment Malpractice legal medical
Principles of negligence
Duty of care Trespassers Licensees Invitees Standard of care Reasonable person Proximate cause Res ipsa loquitur Restitutio ad integrum Rescue doctrine Duty to rescue Comparative responsibility Contributory negligence Attractive nuisance
Strict and absolute liability
Product liability Ultrahazardous activity Deep pockets
Nuisance
Public nuisance Rylands v Fletcher
Economic torts
Conspiracy Restraint of trade Insurance bad faith (American law) Fraud Tortious interference
Defences
Assumption of risk Consent Necessity Statute of limitations Self-defense Defense of others Defence of property Shopkeeper's privilege Neutral reportage
Liability
Intentional torts Last clear chance Eggshell skull Vicarious liability Respondeat superior Volenti non fit injuria Ex turpi causa non oritur actio Joint and several liability Market share liability Transferred intent
Remedies
Damages Punitive Special Incidental Injunction Tracing Detinue Replevin Trover
Other topics in tort law
Tort reform Non-economic damages caps Quasi-tort Delict (term used for torts in some civil and mixed legal systems) Conflict of tort laws Private attorney general Class action
By jurisdiction
Australia Canada China England and Wales European Union India Japan Taiwan United States
Other common law areas
Contracts Criminal law Evidence Property Wills, trusts, and estates
Law portal
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Property law

Part of the common law series
Types
Personal property Community property Real property Unowned property
Acquisition
Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation
Estates in land
Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interest remainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Land tenure
Conveyancing
Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Deeds registration Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat
Future use control
Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley's Case Doctrine of worthier title
Nonpossessory interest
Lien Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude
Related topics
Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rights prior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit
Other common law areas
Contract law Tort law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law Evidence Higher category: Law and Common law
v t e

Wills, trusts and estates

Part of the common law series
Wills
Legal history of wills Joint wills and mutual wills Will contract Codicil Holographic will Oral will Sections Attestation clause Residuary clause Incorporation by reference Contest Testamentary capacity Undue influence Insane delusion Fraud No-contest clause Property disposition Lapse and anti-lapse Ademption Abatement Satisfaction of legacies Acts of independent significance Elective share Pretermitted heir
Trusts
Express Resulting Constructive Common types Bare Discretionary Accumulation and maintenance Interest in possession Charitable Purpose Incentive Other types Protective Spendthrift Life insurance Remainder Life interest Reversionary interest Testamentary Honorary Asset-protection Special needs Supplemental needs Governing doctrines Pour-over will Cy-près doctrine Hague Convention (conflict law) Application in civil law Dishonest assistance
Estate administration
Intestacy Testator Probate Power of appointment Simultaneous death Slayer rule Laughing heir Advancement Disclaimer of interest Inheritance tax
Related topics
Advance directive (Living will) Blind trust Forced heirship Totten trust
Other common law areas
Contract Tort Property Criminal law Evidence
v t e

Criminal law

Elements
Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence
Scope of criminal liability
Accessory Accomplice Complicity Corporate Principal Vicarious
Severity of offense
Felony (or Indictable offense) Infraction (also called violation) Misdemeanor (or Summary offense)
Inchoate offenses
Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation
Offense against the person
Assassination Assault Battery Child abuse Criminal negligence Defamation Domestic violence False imprisonment Frameup Harassment Home invasion Homicide Human trafficking Intimidation Kidnapping Menacing Manslaughter (corporate) Mayhem Murder felony Negligent homicide Robbery Stalking Stabbing Torture
Sexual offenses
Adultery Bigamy Child sexual abuse Cybersex trafficking Fornication Homosexuality Incest Indecent exposure Masturbation Obscenity Prostitution Rape Pederasty Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual slavery Voyeurism
Crimes against property
Arson Arms trafficking Blackmail Bribery Burglary Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Forgery Fraud Gambling Intellectual property violation Larceny Looting Payola Pickpocketing Possessing stolen property Robbery Smuggling Tax evasion Theft Trespass to land Vandalism, Mischief
Crimes against justice
Compounding Malfeasance in office Miscarriage of justice Misprision Obstruction Perjury Perverting the course of justice
Crimes against the public
Apostasy Begging Censorship violation Dueling Genocide Hostage-taking Smuggling Illegal consumption (such as prohibition of drugs, alcohol, and smoking) Miscegenation Piracy Regicide Terrorism Usurpation War crimes
Crimes against animals
Cruelty to animals Poaching Wildlife smuggling Bestiality
Crimes against the state
Lèse-majesté Treason Espionage Secession Sedition Subversion
Defenses to liability
Actual innocence Automatism Consent Defense of property Diminished responsibility Duress Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy Insanity Justification Mistake (of law) Necessity Provocation Self-defense
Other common-law areas
Contracts Defenses Evidence Property Torts Wills, trusts and estates
Portals
Law
v t e

Evidence
Part of the law series
Types of evidence
Testimony Documentary Real (physical) Digital Exculpatory Inculpatory Demonstrative Eyewitness identification Genetic (DNA) Lies Consciousness of guilt
Relevance
Burden of proof Laying a foundation Materiality Public policy exclusions Spoliation Character Habit Similar fact
Authentication
Chain of custody Judicial notice Best evidence rule Self-authenticating document Ancient document Hague Evidence Convention
Witnesses
Competence Privilege Direct examination Cross-examination Redirect Impeachment Proffer agreement Recorded recollection Expert witness Dead Man's Statute
Hearsay and exceptions
in English law in United States law Confessions Business records Excited utterance Dying declaration Party admission Ancient document Declaration against interest Present sense impression Res gestae Learned treatise Implied assertion
Other common law areas
Contract Tort Property Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law
v t e

Criminal procedure
Criminal trials and convictions
Rights of the accused
Fair trial Pre-trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule¹ Self-incrimination Double jeopardy² Bail Appeal
Verdict
Conviction Acquittal Not proven³ Directed verdict
Sentencing
Mandatory Suspended Custodial Periodic Discharge Guidelines Guilt Totality^5, 6 Dangerous offender^4, 5 Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Imprisonment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Three-strikes law
Post-sentencing
Parole Probation Tariff ⁶ Life licence⁶ Criminal justice Exoneration Habitual offender Miscarriage of justice Pardon Recidivism Rehabilitation Restorative justice Sex offender registry Sexually violent predator laws¹
Related areas of law
Civil procedure Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence
Portals
Law portal
¹ US courts ² Not in English/Welsh courts ³ Scottish courts ⁴ English/Welsh courts ⁵ Canadian courts ⁶ UK courts
v t e

Penology

Justice in penology
Denunciation Deterrence Incapacitation Trial Prison abolition open reform Prisoner Prisoner abuse Prisoners' rights Rehabilitation Recidivism
Participatory Restorative Transformative Retributive Utilitarian Solitary confinement

v t e English criminal law
Classes of crimes	Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory (lowered mens rea) Statutory Common law
Elements of crimes	Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention (criminal law) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions
Doctrines	Lesser included offences Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat
Inchoate offences	Encouraging or assisting a crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose
Defences	Self-defence Duress Necessity Loss of control Consent inc. participation in a sporting event Medical procedures Prevention of crime Lawful excuse Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category:Criminal defences
Offences against the person	Homicide (Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide) Unlawful killing Child destruction Concealment of birth Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence Assault with intent to rob Robbery Assault with intent to rape Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty Battery Kidnapping Child abduction False imprisonment Harassment Offences Against the Person Act 1861 Treason
Sexual offences	Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003
Public order offences	Riot Violent disorder Affray Unlawful assembly Fear or provocation of violence Harassment, alarm or distress intent aggravates Public Order Act 1986 Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred Nuisance Causing Public nuisance Outraging public decency Effecting a public mischief Keeping a disorderly house Preventing the lawful burial of a body Breach of the peace Rout Forcible entry Accessory (legal term) Misconduct in a public office Misfeasance in public office Abuse of authority Perjury of oath Dereliction of duty
Offences against property	Arson Dishonesty Cheating (law) Burglary Robbery Theft Criminal damage Squatting Trespass Taking without owner's consent Deception Handling stolen goods Misappropriation of funds Blackmail Extortion Cybercrime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Fraud by abuse of position Conspiracy to defraud Fare evasion Webcam blackmail
Forgery, personation and cheating	Forgery Cheating the public revenue Uttering
Offences against justice	Bribery Perjury Perverting the course of justice Witness intimidation Witness tampering Misprision of treason Jury tampering Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty Harboring a fugitive Encouraging or assisting a crime Escape from lawful custody Obstruction of justice Obstruction of a police officer Wasting police time Refusing to assist a constable Sedition Espionage Contempt of court Fabrication of false evidence Rescuing a prisoner
Other common law areas	Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence Criminal procedure
English law portal For obsolete aspects see History of English criminal law table

v t e International criminal law
Sources	Customary international law Peremptory norm Hague Conventions Geneva Conventions Nuremberg Charter Nuremberg principles United Nations Charter Genocide Convention Convention Against Torture Rome Statute
Crimes against international law	Crimes against humanity Crime of aggression Crime of apartheid Genocide Genocidal intent Incitement to genocide Piracy Slave trading Starvation War crime
International courts (in order of foundation)	International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) International Military Tribunal for the Far East International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Special Court for Sierra Leone International Criminal Court Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia Special Panels of the Dili District Court Special Tribunal for Lebanon International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
Related concepts	Command responsibility Superior orders Joint criminal enterprise International humanitarian law International speech crimes Universal jurisdiction

v t e Types of crime
Note: Crimes vary by jurisdiction. Not all types are listed here.
Classes	Infraction Misdemeanor Felony Summary Indictable Hybrid Corruption	Law portal
Against the person	Assassination Assault Battery Child abuse Criminal negligence Defamation Domestic violence False imprisonment Frameup Harassment Home invasion Homicide Human trafficking Intimidation Kidnapping Menacing Manslaughter (corporate) Mayhem Murder felony Negligent homicide Robbery Stalking Stabbing Torture
Against property	Arson Arms trafficking Blackmail Bribery Burglary Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Forgery Fraud Gambling Intellectual property violation Larceny Looting Payola Pickpocketing Possessing stolen property Robbery Smuggling Tax evasion Theft Trespass to land Vandalism, Mischief
Against the public	Apostasy Begging Censorship violation Dueling Genocide Hostage-taking Smuggling Illegal consumption (such as prohibition of drugs, alcohol, and smoking) Miscegenation Piracy Regicide Terrorism Usurpation War crimes
Against the state	Lèse-majesté Treason Espionage Secession Sedition Subversion
Against justice	Compounding Malfeasance in office Miscarriage of justice Misprision Obstruction Perjury Perverting the course of justice
Against animals	Cruelty to animals Poaching Wildlife smuggling Bestiality
Sexual offenses	Adultery Bigamy Child sexual abuse Cybersex trafficking Fornication Homosexuality Incest Indecent exposure Masturbation Obscenity Prostitution Rape Pederasty Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual slavery Voyeurism
Inchoate offenses	Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation
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v t e Criminal procedure (investigation)
Criminal investigation	Arguido Arrest Arrest warrant Consent search Detention Exigent circumstance Knock-and-announce Miranda warning Pretextual stop Probable cause Reasonable suspicion Right to silence Search and seizure Search of persons Search warrant Suspect Terry stop	Law portal
Criminal prosecution	Adversarial system Bail Bill of attainder Criminal jurisdiction Deferred prosecution agreement Ex post facto law Extradition Grand jury Habeas corpus Indictment Inquisitorial system Nolle prosequi Precognition Preliminary hearing Statute of limitations
Charges and pleas	Alford plea Arraignment Indictment Information Nolo contendere Peremptory plea Plea Plea bargain Presentence investigation
Related areas	Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Evidence law in the United States Legal abuse
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International human rights instruments

Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions

International law

Regional law

International humanitarian law
Genocide Convention Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

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