User:Skol fir/Sandbox

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search
William Reid Stowe
Born (1952-01-06) January 6, 1952 (age 72)
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Artist and Craftsman, Sailor, Adventurer
Known forExtended voyages with schooner Anne

William Reid Stowe (born January 6, 1952) is an American artist and mariner, and the remaining participant of 1000 Days at Sea: The Mars Ocean Odyssey, a one thousand-day voyage which commenced on April 21, 2007 from Pier 12, Hoboken, New Jersey.[1] The mission had the aim of remaining in the open ocean, outside of contact with supporting ports, for a period of one thousand days, emulating in some respects interplanetary voyages such as those contemplated to the planet Mars. This voyage involves active management of a sailboat under varying weather conditions, and with continuous wear and tear of equipment on the schooner. Hence, space enthusiasts and psychologists might be interested in the effects of physical isolation on the ability of a sailor—alone or with a companion—to deal with these difficulties and to remain mentally balanced.[2] No major space agency has any known connection to Reid Stowe.

Stowe is the head of the expedition and the principal designer and builder of the Anne, the 70 ft. (21.3 metres (70 ft) ) 60 ton (54,400 kg) gaff-rigged schooner which Stowe is sailing on the voyage.[1][2][3] Soanya Ahmad, Stowe's girlfriend, a sailing novice with no offshore experience had been the first mate and the other principal participant in the voyage. Ostensibly suffering from seasickness, Ahmad left the schooner near Perth, Australia on February 22, 2008, assisted by members of the Royal Perth Yacht Club. Subsequently, Soanya was diagnosed with 'morning-sickness' and has since given birth to a son christened 'Darshen'.[4][5]

Childhood

Reid Stowe was born Jan. 6, 1952 near Moses Lake, Washington[6] to Harry and Anne Stowe;[7] and is the oldest of six siblings. His father, an officer in the United States Air Force, was posted to many parts of the world during that time and usually his family travelled with him. Growing up, Reid spent three years in Germany, two years in the Philippines, plus state-side tours in Mississippi, Illinois, Arizona, and Virginia. Traveling notwithstanding, the family generally spent summers with Anne Stowe's father, who had constructed a beach cottage on the Intracoastal Waterway near Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina.[8] Anne's father and uncles frequently built and rebuilt portions of the home, and built small craft for use on the waterway. It was during these summer interludes that Reid absorbed carpentry, and, during his high school years with his younger brother Wave, Stowe built fiberglass surf boards. He and his brother employed workshops that his family maintained in various winter residences to complete their work after school.[8][9]

Early voyages

Reid Stowe initially pursued studies in the arts, enrolling in the University of Arizona, where he took up painting and sculpture.[7] During his late teens, Stowe visited Hawaii in the summer to surf. During one of these Hawaiian excursions, when Stowe was nineteen, he fell in with Craige Fostvedt,[10] who had invested some of his college funds to purchase a small sailing vessel. Invited to accompany him on an extended sail through the South Pacific to New Zealand,[11] Stowe was obliged to obtain a passport, for which he needed a copy of his birth certificate. Years later, Stowe recalled to interviewer Harold Channer that his parents could very well have refused to send him the certificate and insist on his return to school. That they chose not to Stowe regards as a life-affirming experience, the tacit parental support giving him confidence to proceed. The South Pacific trip was Stowe's first experience with open-ocean sailing, for which he acquired a passion.[8]

Following his South Pacific voyage, Stowe returned to his grandfather's residence in Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina, where, over a period of eight months, he constructed a 27-foot (8.2 m) catamaran,[7][8] named Tantra,[12] for open ocean sailing. During its construction, he was visited by a Dutch national he had met during his trip to the South Pacific[13] who persuaded Stowe to take the catamaran across the North Atlantic to Holland. The two embarked in June, 1973 to the Netherlands. After their arrival, Reid Stowe continued on a solo voyage which took him to Africa, a second Atlantic crossing, a trip to Brazil and the Amazon, returning to the United States in 1976. In his 2003 interview with Harold Channer, Stowe claimed that the catamaran Tantra was "the smallest boat to cross the Atlantic Ocean twice,"[8] though on closer reading it appears that a smaller boat has made the round trip crossing as early as the nineteenth century. In 1880-'81, George P. Thomas and Frederick Norman navigated their 16 ft 7 in (5.05 m) dory Little Western from Gloucester, Massachusetts to Cowes England in June 1880, stayed in England for nearly one year, and returned to America the following June.[14][15][16]

Construction of the Anne (née Tantra Schooner)

Following his return to the United States, Stowe's thoughts turned to the construction of a vessel well-suited to extended voyages. He was particularly impressed with gaff-rigged schooners, which he felt represented a culmination of craft and technique for sailing vessels.[8] In 1976, he took up residence in the North Carolina beach cottage of his maternal grandfather, and with extensive help from his mother's family, his father—now a retired Colonel—and his siblings, Reid Stowe began the construction of a sailing vessel designed after late nineteenth century American gaff-rigged fishing schooners, prevalent from the 1880s to the 1900s. The completed design called for a 60-ton, two-masted gaff-rigged vessel, 70 feet (21 m) in length with a 16-foot (4.9 m) beam. Unlike the nineteenth century antecedent, however, Stowe and his family employed Ferralite over steel wire mesh for the hull,[12][17][18] with interior spaces finished in Caribbean hardwood supplied largely from debris thrown up by Hurricane David.[19] In an interview with Harold Channer, Stowe likened the hull to a sealed steel and fiberglass bottle.[8] Additionally, electricity for computers and communication equipment is generated from wind, solar, and water motion generators.[8] Stowe, his family, and friends of the family, were engaged in building the craft over the next eighteen months, completing the work in 1978. The shipyard was entirely confined to the beach cottage property of his grandfather. Named Tantra Schooner at launch,[20] Stowe established the ship as his home, sailing it originally to the Caribbean with his then wife, Iris and baby daughter Viva, "[finishing] the interior en route and in the islands." Author Jill Bobrow, in her 1982 Classic Yacht Interiors attributed some of the interior handiwork to Iris: "a beautiful walnut inlaid with enamel."[20]

Voyages with the Anne

The Caribbean and Antarctica

According to Bobrow, Stowe initially sailed the Tantra Schooner as a charter boat, but indirectly noted the possibility of extended voyaging even in the early eighties: "The charter accommodations are fabricated so that when extra quarters are not necessary, that space is set up to be a cargo hold — the intent being to make Tantra Schooner totally self-supporting."[20] In this early description of the vessel and her crew, Bobrow reported: "Reid and Iris are a delightful, spiritual couple. Their boat reflects their ingenuity, creativity, and joy of life."[20]

Renamed the Anne in honor of his mother and her family,[1][7] Stowe took the schooner to Antarctic waters in 1986 with a crew of eight, his first long-term trial with the vessel.[9] For five months, Stowe and his crew sailed the waters around the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands.[21] Stowe navigated into ice packs and claimed winds of up to 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) . Later, Stowe told Nik Kleinberg of ESPN: "You're geared up like an ice man, goggles, everything, not a bit of skin exposed. We had a gust of wind that blew the boat completely over."[9] To combat boredom, the crew "fought the lack of sensory stimulation with plastic filters that allowed people to bathe in different colored lights, and a 'bag of tricks' that included scented herbs and spices, stones, religious artifacts, pebbles, sand, and other items that stimulated the senses and kindled fond memories of home."[22]

It was during this voyage that Stowe began seriously considering a trip of extremely long duration.[9] Author Albert A. Harrison characterized these circa 1990 plans in his 2001 book, Spacefaring: The Human Dimension.[22] "The Anne, twelve meters long and displacing sixty tons, would set forth with a crew of six to eight (the same size as an initial Mars crew under some scenarios) and three years worth of provisions. For a thousand days they would sail outside of normal trade routes and without entering port. The crew would consist of scientists who would study weather, water, and atmospheric pollution, and ozone depletion in remote and little-documented regions of the world. Stowe hoped to conduct field tests of communication satellites, water purification systems and other equipment potentially useful for exploring Mars." Later, Stowe, with Harrison, authored the paper, "One thousand days non-stop at sea - Lessons for a mission to Mars" outlining a "1000-day voyage without touching land or receiving supplies from other craft. The goals of this expedition include the evaluation of equipment, supplies, and humans under conditions of isolation and confinement that will resemble some of those of the initial Mars voyage."[23]

The Port of New York

In the fall of 1997, Stowe began using Pier 63 as a base of operations, located in the Chelsea section of Manhattan, New York City at a marina operated by John Krevey.[24][25] He promoted his one thousand days voyage in earnest, calling it the "1000 Days at Sea: The Mars Ocean Odyssey," and news articles at the time suggested a launch date of 1998.[26] It would be nine years, and one marriage later, before Stowe found sufficient funding and media support for the project.[27] In the intervening time, Stowe made his home on board the Anne, used Pier 63 as his address, and undertook preliminary trips with Laurence Guillem, whom he had married in 1999. In 2006, the construction of a new park along the Hudson River forced the owner of the maritime barge at Pier 63—where Reid had kept his schooner Anne—to relocate to Pier 66.[28][29] This caused the move of the schooner Anne to Pier 12 across the river in Hoboken, on the New Jersey side, from which Reid eventually embarked on his epic voyage.

Voyage of the Turtle: Prelude to '1000 Days at Sea'

Stowe's prelude to the present voyage was undertaken in 1999, when he and his new bride, Laurence Guillem, voyaged the South Atlantic Ocean for 194 days on the Anne, an expedition which Guillem dubbed "The Odyssey of the Sea Turtle."[27] Stowe's intent during this preliminary voyage was to shape a course literally in the shape of a turtle. Of this choice, Stowe said: "There's also something to be said about not racing around all the time. So this voyage was sort of an antidote to our speed-obsessed society. And the turtle is also a reminder about endangered species and the environment. I'm sure it's going to be interpreted in different ways."[30] The voyage lasted from June 4, to December 17, 1999, with no major mishap, though it had its tribulations. The Anne suffered engine failure under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge,[11] aging sailcloth limited the precision of Stowe's navigation — the turtle was neither as large nor as complete as he had originally hoped — and a brush with Hurricane Lenny on their return leg hampered their return to the port of New York.[30] Still, he and his sailing mate had spent over a half year out of sight of land.

Subsequent attempts

Stowe and Guillem undertook a second exercise in January 2001, a voyage to Trinidad in which the Anne encountered severe weather off Bermuda.[31] The ship knocked over on its side once (although local papers incorrectly reported three knockdowns) in high seas, but righted itself. Having injured her jaw in the mishap, it was the last significant voyage that Guillem undertook with Stowe.[31][32] Of her reluctance to return to sea, she said of him: "J'aime Reid, mais lui c'est un poisson et moi non." ("I love Reid, but he is a fish and I am not.")[33]

In the six years since this second exercise, there have been a number of sailing dates announced, but not undertaken.[11] Funding issues, lack of media sponsorships, changes in crew commitment, are all reasons Stowe gave for launch cancellations. Such delays gave rise to sponsor unrest and questioning of motives. "I've given him nearly $7,000 worth of food,"reported Danny Kadouri, of Brooklyn-based Kadouri International Foods. "I've met him a few times and I've been on his boat, but I'm no sailor." he said to the New York Daily News. "I think he's genuine but, honestly, I don't know. I hope he's not pulling my leg." "Of our contributors, I think most of them have seen what we are doing and our hard work and they're still expecting us to go," Stowe reported to the Daily News. "We've been planning this project for ten years and most of them are sympathetic."[34] In a later NPR story about Reid Stowe's voyage, a commentator states that "this project has had its ups and downs. Most sponsors know this. Many of the recent donations came from individuals or organizations that Reid had helped with various matters and [they] contributed as a way of thanking him. ...P.S. After the [above-mentioned] Daily News article came out, [the quoted] Mr. Kadouri donated even more food (some of it for the launch party)--guess he didn't feel [too] 'taken.'"[35]

The 1000-day voyage

Stowe and Ahmad departed on the 1000-day voyage on April 21, 2007 at 3:00 PM EDT from Pier 12 in Hoboken, New Jersey, witnessed by about 100 well-wishers, including his parents and his former wife, Laurence Guillem.[36][37] The heavily ladened schooner passed through New York Harbor and into the open ocean by the evening of April 21.

Mission planning and execution

The departure put into execution plans that, in some respects, closely resembled those put forth by Stowe and Harrison in a 1992 paper.[23] They had postulated that conditions of confinement and isolation experience during an extended sea voyage would be similar in some respects to those experienced during a voyage to Mars. The name, 1000 Days at Sea: The Mars Ocean Odyssey, the duration and the challenges of the voyage echo concepts that were put forth in the paper and reiterated in the departure press release.[38] The scientific goals that had been outlined in the departure press release - the study of weather, water, atmospheric pollution and ozone depletion in little-documented regions of the world — has not been fully realized due to lack of proper equipment, as indicated by periodic entries in the voyage's log.[39]

An article at the MarineBuzz website[40] explained some of the technical aspects of the schooner's supplies, and summarized Soanya's role in the expedition up to the point where she had to depart the schooner and hand over her tasks to Reid.

Significant events

Several unexpected events have occurred during the course of this voyage, two of them near the outset. On April 25, 2007, the schooner ventured near a US Navy missile firing trial that was being conducted off the New Jersey coast. After United States Coast Guard personnel alerted the schooner, the crew diverted their course with no further mishap. A second, more serious mishap occurred on May 6, 2007 when the schooner ran into a container ship that left the schooner's bowsprit heavily damaged, though the hull and the remainder of the boat was unscathed.[41] Stowe was able to make a replacement, albeit shortened, bowsprit from less-damaged portions.[42] Since these incidents, the vessel spent much of the second half of 2007 in the Southern Atlantic, passing the tip of Africa in mid December, 2007.

One significant incident occurred on February 22, 2008, when Stowe's companion, Soanya Ahmad decided to leave the voyage.[43] She disembarked from the schooner off Rottnest Island, near Perth, Western Australia.[44] Members from the Royal Perth Yacht Club, including Jon Sanders,[45] rendezvoused with the Anne around 1800 local time (+9 UTC) and assisted with Ms. Ahmad's departure. She arrived in Perth around 2100 local time. Ms. Ahmad reported she had been suffering from chronic seasickness since November,[45][46] and, according to Joe Barello of the New York City-based support team, had been planning to leave the schooner for five weeks, though reluctant to leave Stowe behind.[47] Ms. Ahmad's departure left Stowe without a crew and compromised the original intention of the voyage, "...to leave the land and all support, sail for 1,000 days, non-stop at sea without receiving help, to live at sea, to be healthy, to send back good messages and have the whole world follow the voyage and understand the importance of it..."[38] According to The Age, the schooner Anne was to maintain a position beyond sight of land during the transfer so Mr Stowe could continue his attempt to break records.[46] Mr. Barello reported to the Daily News, however, that: "They're not going to go to port, but they will be within sight of land. They wanted to do it further out, but there are some strong gale-like winds."[47] Jon Sanders, the current record holder for longest solo time at sea, was asked in an interview whether Reid could surpass his solo record. Sanders, who was also a member of Ms. Ahmad's rescue party responded - "I think the boat by the look of it would stay in one piece. It won't break any records. But...I couldn't say anything that it wouldn't...He's still got a lot of patience and time." He then admitted at the end of the interview that there was a possibility that Reid Stowe could do it: "Interviewer: There's a possibility he could take your record out. Sanders: "Ah, ya."[48] After Soanya Ahmad returned to New York, she was interviewed on NPR, explaining how she first became involved with the 1000-day voyage, and why she had to leave the Anne.[49]

The ongoing journey has attracted the attention of numerous online journalists, one of whom noted, "The point is, it's tempting to write off Reid's earnest penchant to embrace his karma and consciousness. But if you dismiss his hard-earned credentials as a talented and tenacious sailor and mariner (albeit a very unconventional one) who earned his chops building and sailing his very sound but unusual boats over a ton of demanding, difficult miles, you do so at the risk of sounding very foolish yourself."[50] On Day 658, Reid Stowe proceeded to break the world record for the longest non-stop ocean voyage, previously held by Jon Sanders, if we disregard Nansen's Fram expedition, during which the schooner Fram lay trapped on ice for nearly three years, and the crew was away from land for at least 1067 days.[51] Also on Day 658, Stowe's schooner Anne was hit by a rogue wave, after having already rounded the infamous Cape Horn. The huge wave caused the boat to roll more than 90 degrees, after which it righted itself, as it had been designed to do in such a case. Fortunately for Stowe and his expedition, nothing had been lost overboard, the electronic equipment had been spared, and essential supplies remained unaffected. As for Reid, he suffered only minor bruises to himself, as he was probably thrown against a wall during the capsize.[52]

The Associated Press took the opportunity to interview Reid and Soanya separately in May, 2009.[53] In the resulting report, the author mentions Stowe's detractors, mostly amateur sailors objecting to Reid Stowe's manner of sailing, which one person has compared more to cruising than to racing.[54] As a diversion tactic, the detractors have personalized their objections to Reid Stowe's voyage, by dredging up some embarrassments in Stowe's personal life, which have no bearing on his ability to sail or to accomplish his mission on the high seas. In the untrammeled world of the internet, websites critical of Reid Stowe have surfaced, and people are free to view the opposing strategy to dismiss Reid Stowe's achievements. At the online archive of the NPR interview mentioned above, one finds commentary from some of the voyage's adamant critics, as well as from defenders of Reid Stowe.[35]

Reid Stowe and his support team have since accomplished one of their goals of a person sailing on the open seas without resupply for 1000 days, as well as breaking the 1067-day record set by the Fram in 1896.[51][55] January 16, 2010 was officially the day of the 1000-day mark,[6][56] while March 24, 2010 equalled the 1067-day mark. Subsequent to the first 306 days with Soanya Ahmad, Reid Stowe also broke the record for the longest solo sea voyage without resupply, on Day 964 (Dec. 11, 2009).[55] None of these records, however, have been officially recognized by the World Sailing Speed Record Council.

Mission status

Currently, the schooner Anne is situated in the North Atlantic Ocean about 400 km W of Bermuda. Stowe maintains contact with its New York City–based support team via an intermittent GPS satellite monitoring system, with voice communications to its New York City base via an Iridium phone. Stowe employs maritime VHF transceivers for ship-to-ship communications. Volunteers maintain a web site so that the general public can follow the progress of the voyage. The web site features daily tracking of the schooner's position through the GPS system. Until the computers broke down in December, 2009, there were also almost daily logs—with a photo—sent as email via the satellite telephone. These missives were originally contributed by Soanya and Reid, until Soanya's departure from the schooner, when Reid took over the role of sole communicator with the outside world.[42]

See also


External links

References

  1. ^ a b c Sailing Duo Begin 1,000-Day Ocean Voyage. Tariq Malik, Live Science:Strange News; posted: 21 April 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  2. ^ a b Strickland, Eliza (2007-09-12), "Couple's 1,000-Day Sea Voyage Simulates Trip to Mars", Wired News, retrieved 2007-09-14
  3. ^ Bramson, Dara (2007-07-26), "On the Air: Captain Reid Stowe & Soanya Ahmad, 1,000 Days at Sea", Peter Greenburg Worldwide, retrieved 2007-08-31
  4. ^ Queens woman gives birth to baby conceived at sea. NY Daily News (July 30, 2008). Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  5. ^ How is Darshen doing? From the website 1000 Days At Sea
  6. ^ a b Mission accomplished for the longest sea voyage in history. "Conversations with Harold Hudson Channer," Cable Television Systems in Manhattan, New York. Jan. 28, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c d Schlosser, Jim (April 30, 2007), "Couple set sail for 1,000 days" (archived article; need subscription to view at Greensboro, North Carolina–News & Record), Greensboro, North Carolina News-Record {{citation}}: External link in |format= (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Reid Stowe, Harold Channer (2003-08-04). Interview with Reid Stowe (Cable TV Series). Conversations with Harold Hudson Channer. Manhattan, New York City: Manhattan Neighborhood Network. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |airdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b c d Kleinberg, Nik (January 27, 2006), "Long Days' Journey to Nowhere", ESPN
  10. ^ "Day 244 Thanks to Dentists". 1000days.net Web Site. 1000days.net. 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2007-12-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c Nichols, Adam (October 24, 2005). "Around The World In 1,000 Days. 2-Men Crew Embarks on 3-Year Trip At Sea From Chelsea Pier". Daily News (New York).
  12. ^ a b Stowe, Reid (2007-04-21). "Boat building Schooner Anne". Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  13. ^ Comprehending Reid Stowe: Early Voyages & The Moitessier Factor. Charles Doane, Boats.com, April 20, 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  14. ^ Bolduc, David G. (2005), Famous Small Boats, retrieved 2007-10-22
  15. ^ The Little Western's Long Voyage, New York Times Company, 07-28-1880, p. 8, retrieved 2007-10-22 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ The Little Western's Voyage, New York Times Company, 08-21-1880, p. 3, retrieved 2007-10-22 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Fer-A-Lite is a thermosetting polyester resin synthetic mortar; a trademark held by SmallYachts, Land O Lakes, FLBray, Andrew (2007-07-12). "Andrew Bray's Log". Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  18. ^ Tantra construction, steel & glass. Posted on SailNet, Dec. 11, 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  19. ^ Captain Reid Ocean Odyssey part two: The Voyages, August 2, 2004, retrieved 2007-05-13
  20. ^ a b c d Bobrow, Jill (1982). Classic Yacht Interiors. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 120. ISBN 0393032744. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Antarctic Sailing Chronology (Yacht Cruises to Antarctica), retrieved 2007-05-17
  22. ^ a b Harrison, Albert A. (2001). Spacefaring: The Human Dimension. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 32. ISBN 0520236777.
  23. ^ a b "One thousand days non-stop at sea -Lessons for a mission to Mars". IAF, International Astronautical Congress, 43rd. Washington, DC: California University, Davis. August 28, September 5, 1992. p. 9. Bibcode:1992wadc.iafcQT...S. 1992wadc.iafcQT...S. Retrieved 2007-12-31. {{cite conference}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Jacobs, Andrew (August 30, 1998), "Neighborhood Report: CHELSEA; Tracing a Slow Circle Around the Globe", New York Times
  25. ^ Stewart, Barbara (August 8, 2002), "On the Waterfront, at Least for Now; Hudson River Park Threatens Some Home-Grown Free Spirits", New York Times (Ed's note: Krevey was misspelt in this article as "Krevy") {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  26. ^ In one of history's more audacious acts of voyaging, Reid Stowe is preparing to hoist his sails, slip his mooring, and disappear for 1,000 days at sea. Tim Zimmermann, Outside Online, Oct., 1998. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  27. ^ a b Brady, Lois Smith (June 6, 1999), "Weddings: Vows; Laurence Guillen and Reid Stowe", New York Times
  28. ^ Public Access & Historic Ships. Boating on the Hudson. 6 May 2010.
  29. ^ History of Pier 66 Maritime. Website for Pier 66 Maritime. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  30. ^ a b McCormick, Herb (January 16, 2000), "THE BOATING REPORT; Voyage of the Turtle Is Just a Prelude", New York Times
  31. ^ a b Doswell, John (January 2001). "Trip to Bermuda" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-05-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  32. ^ Brady, Lois Smith (May 27, 2001), "VOWS: An Update; Life's Big Ricochet: From Wedding to Marriage", New York Times
  33. ^ From a letter by Eric Hunter Slater to the editors of Latitude 38. Slater, Eric Hunter (July 2007), "He's a Fish And I Am Not", Latitude 38, retrieved 2008-02-24
  34. ^ Nichols, A. (October 23, 2006). "Epic Trip or Con Cruise? Delays worry sponsors". Daily News (New York).
  35. ^ a b Soanya Ahmad Returns Home After 305 Consecutive Days at Sea. The Bryant Park Project (NPR News), Mar. 3, 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  36. ^ Dobnick, Verena (April 21, 2007), "Couple sets sail for 1,000-day, heart-shaped cruise", Phillyburbs.com, Associated Press, retrieved 2007-09-02
  37. ^ N.Y. duo sets sail on 1,000-day cruise. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  38. ^ a b "1000 Days at Sea" (PDF) (Press release). Reid Stowe. 2007-04-21. p. 3. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
  39. ^ Daily Logs (1000 Days at Sea). Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  40. ^ Soanya Ahmad Abandons 1000 Days at Sea Expedition After 306 Days. Posted on Feb. 23, 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  41. ^ Spindler, Richard, "The Importance of Being Earnest on Watch", Latitude 38, retrieved 2007-08-31
  42. ^ a b Stowe, Reid, 1000 Days at Sea, retrieved 2007-05-12
  43. ^ Buback, LaDonna (February 22, 2008), "Soanya Ahmad Jumps Ship", Latitude 38, retrieved 2008-02-24
  44. ^ Kappelle, Liza. "Yacht rescue for sick American woman sailor". Perth Now (The Sunday Times). Australian Associated Press.
  45. ^ a b Jock Main and Jon Harper of http://FreoDoctor.com.au interviewed Soanya Ahmad. They briefly interviewed Jon Sanders as well. Soanya Ahmad, Jock Main, Jon Harper. Interview with Soanya Ahmad, Feb. 22, 2008, Perth (On location video camera). Royal Perth Yacht Club VIP Jetty, Perth, Western Australia: Freo Doctor. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |airdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (help)
  46. ^ a b "Seasickness ends marathon ocean voyage". The Age. Fairfax Digital. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-02-22. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ a b Nichols, Adam (February 22, 2008). "Seasick, she's bailing: Novice got in too deep with 1,000 day sail". Daily News (New York). p. 8. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  48. ^ Soanya interview by freodoctor.com.au + short segment with Jon Sanders from 1000 Days at Sea website, 23 February 2008.
  49. ^ Woman Jumps Ship After 305 Days. NPR Online, Mar. 3, 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  50. ^ Spaced Odyssey? Herb McCormick, Cruising World: posted Oct 13, 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  51. ^ a b Reid Stowe: Longest Voyage in History (Undisputed!) Charles Doane, Wavetrain, Mar. 16, 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  52. ^ At Sea a Thousand Days. New Yorker, Feb. 15 & 22, 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  53. ^ Sailing quest tests couple's skills and bond. Verena Dobnik, Associated Press, May 2, 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  54. ^ In Defense of Reid Stowe. Bruner, Oct. 23, 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  55. ^ a b 1000 Days at Sea - Fact Sheet. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  56. ^ Sailor spends 1000 days at sea. Retrieved 30 April 2010.

Separator

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents German language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See German phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b Ball ball
ç ich hue
d dann den
f Fass fast
ɡ Gast guest
h hat hat
j ja yard
k kalt kick
l Last last
m Mast mast
n Naht not
ŋ lang long
p Pakt pack
pf Pfahl p + f
ʁ Rast[1] like a French R
s Hast fast
ʃ schal shall
t Tal tall
ts Zahl cats
tʃ Matsch match
v was vast
x Bach loch (Scottish)
z Hase hose
ʔ beamtet[2]
([bəˈʔamtət])		 the catch in uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
ð Motherboard[3] as in English
dʒ Dschungel jungle
ɹ Rockband[4] as in English
w Walkman[5] as in English
θ Thread[6] as in English
ʒ Genie beige, Zsa Zsa
Stress
ˈ Bahnhofstraße
(/ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə/) 		as in ˈbattleˌship
ˌ
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Stressed and unstressed
a Dach bra (but shorter)
aː Bahn bra
aɪ weit tie
aʊ Haut how
eː Beet face
ɛ hätte bed
ɛː wähle[7] as above but longer; like English bared
iː viel meet
ɪ bist sit
oː Boot bone
ɔ Post caught
ɔʏ Heu boy
øː Öl somewhat like hurl; French deux
œ göttlich somewhat like hurt; French sœur
uː Hut true
ʊ Putz took
yː Rübe French tu
ʏ füllt somewhat like the above
Unstressed only
ɐ Ober fun
ə halte comma
Non-native vowels
e Methan (short [eː])
i vital city (short [iː])
o Moral (short [oː])
ø Ökonom (short [øː])
u kulant (short [uː])
y Psychologie (short [yː])
ã Pensee[8] (nasalized [a])
ãː Gourmand[8] (long nasalized [a])
ɛ̃ timbrieren[9] (nasalized [ɛ])
ɛ̃ː Teint[9] (long nasalized [ɛ])
ɔ̃ Fondue[10] (nasalized [ɔ])
ɔ̃ː Fond[10] (long nasalized [ɔ])
œ̃ Lundist[11] (nasalized [œ])
œ̃ː Parfum[11] (long nasalized [œ])
Marginal vowels
ɔː Walkman[12] as in English
ʌ Motherboard[13] as in English
Semivowels
ɐ̯ Uhr[14] fun
i̯ Studie studio
u̯ aktuell actual

Notes

  1. ^ Pronunciation of r in German varies according to speaker. Another common variant is [ʀ], the uvular trill, and indeed the symbol [ʀ] is sometimes used in place of [ʁ]. Some other sources simply write [r].
  2. ^ Often not indicated at the beginning of a word, although all apparently vowel-initial words in German actually begin with [ʔ].
  3. ^ Many German speakers replace [ð] with [z].
  4. ^ Many German speakers replace [ɹ] with [ʁ].
  5. ^ Many German speakers replace [w] with [v].
  6. ^ Many German speakers replace [θ] with [s].
  7. ^ Often replaced by [eː]
  8. ^ a b Sometimes replaced by [aŋ].
  9. ^ a b Sometimes replaced by [ɛŋ].
  10. ^ a b Sometimes replaced by [ɔŋ].
  11. ^ a b Sometimes replaced by [œŋ].
  12. ^ Many German speakers replace [ɔː] with [ɔ] or [oː].
  13. ^ Many German speakers replace [ʌ] with [a].
  14. ^ Most German speakers replace [ʁ] with [ɐ̯] after long vowels in the syllable coda, and many also do so after short vowels.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Skol_fir/Sandbox"