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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=electronic+cigarette+brands&filter=pubt.booksdocs&filter=pubt.meta-analysis&filter=pubt.review&filter=pubt.systematicreview&size=200

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=24935895 Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=29530840 Evolution of Electronic Cigarette Brands From 2013-2014 to 2016-2017: Analysis of Brand Websites

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35816331/ PMC9274450 (available on 2023 11 July)[1]

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36852921/ (available on 2024-05-01) Search: Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36401561/ (available on 2024-04-01) Search: Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation

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NJOY e-cigarettes
A Five Pawns e-liquid bottle

This is a list of electronic cigarette and e-cigarette liquid brands on the English Wikipedia.[citation needed] The market of e-cigarettes has quickly expanded since the mid-2000s.[2] E-cigarettes are a multibillion dollar worldwide industry[3] and e-cigarette sales is anticipated to exceed tobacco cigarette sales by 2047.[4] E-cigarette sales were projected to reach $48.9 billion by 2025.[5]

There were 466 e-cigarette brands worldwide in 2014.[3] As of 2018, the number of e-cigarette brands has not appeared to increase since 2014, even as website messaging evolved, with brands owned by tobacco companies and vape shops pulling in opposite directions.[6] As of 2017, the exact number of e-liquid brands that are in business is unclear.[7] As of 2021, of the more than 400 e-cigarette brands, there are more than 7,000 distinct e-liquid flavors being offered.[8] Another source states that there were more than 15,500 flavors being offered in 2018.[9] In June 2023, the Associated Press stated that the number of different e-cigarettes being sold has tripled to more than 9,000 since 2020, a jump propelled nearly exclusively by disposable vapes manufactured in China.[10]

Brands owned by tobacco companies offered a limited range of e-cigarette products, whereas brands owned by vape shops emphasized a panoply of flavor and nicotine options.[6] A number of researchers and public health officials have raised concern that strict regulatory oversight will suppress product innovation; push out smaller, independent companies with limited resources; and ultimately strengthen market dominance for major tobacco companies.[6] Major tobacco companies, whose practices have been shaped by decades of experience with federal regulators, appear well-positioned and well-resourced to gain advantage within a strict regulatory environment.[6]

Previously, the e-cigarette market was largely driven by small companies.[11] In 2013, several large tobacco firms have launched their own brands and products.[12] These include Altria, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and Lorillard Tobacco Company.[11] Big Tobacco's entrance into the e-cigarette industry has been an area of concern.[13] The majority of the leading e-cigarette brands are owned by large tobacco firms.[14] As cigarette companies have acquired the largest e-cigarette brands, they currently benefit from a dual market of smokers and e-cigarette users while simultaneously presenting themselves as agents of harm reduction.[15] Major prefilled e-liquid pod mod brands include Juul, Vype, Hexa, myblu, Logic Compact, MOTI, KILO, Zoor, BO Jelly, Uwell, Relx Alpha, Frisco, Kangertech, The Byrd, Gusto, IQ by Hangsen, Envii FITT, and Kwit.[16] E-cigarette brands frequently lack manufacturing standards[17] and concern exists over lack of quality control.[18]


Background

Number of brands and flavors

The market of e-cigarettes has quickly expanded since the mid-2000s.[2] Their surge in popularity is attributed in part to the availability of a plethora of sweet and appealing e-liquid flavors.[19] Since commercial development in 2003, the usage of modern e-cigarettes continues to increase amongst people who have never smoked, ex-smokers who have switched to e-cigarettes, and dual-users of both conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes.[20] E-cigarettes are a multibillion dollar worldwide industry[3] and e-cigarette sales is anticipated to exceed tobacco cigarette sales by 2047.[21] Sales worldwide in 2019 rose to $15 billion.[22] E-cigarette sales were projected to reach $48.9 billion by 2025.[5]

There were 466 e-cigarette brands worldwide in 2014.[3][13][23] Although 178 of the device brands for sale in 2014 had ceased operation as of 2017, many were replaced by newly emerged brands.[24] By 2017, there were 433 e-cigarette brands.[25] As of 2018, the number of e-cigarette brands has not appeared to increase since 2014, even as website messaging evolved, with brands owned by tobacco companies and vape shops pulling in opposite directions.[6] In 2014 it was reported that in every month there was a net growth of 10.5 e-cigarette brands.[11] New e-cigarette brands were continuously being brought into the marketplace.[26] The surge in growth of the latest products has made it difficult for relevant interested parties including researchers in the public health sector and policy creators to make sure that the products released into the marketplace are not dangerous for the users and bystanders who are inadvertently subjected to e-cigarette aerosols.[11]

Except for menthol, the use of flavor additives has been banned from traditional cigarettes, while one of the main reasons e-cigarettes are attractive to young people are in part due to their flavorings (i.e., watermelon or apple pie).[27] As of 2017, the exact number of e-liquid brands that are in business is unclear.[7] As of 2021, of the more than 400 e-cigarette brands, there are more than 7,000 distinct e-liquid flavors being offered.[8] Another source states that there were more than 15,500 flavors being offered in 2018.[9] This includes cotton candy, tropical blue slushie, and crazy berry.[19] In 2017, there were close to 20,000 e-liquids being offered in the Netherlands, in 245 distinct flavors..[28] In June 2023, the Associated Press stated that the number of different e-cigarettes being sold has tripled to more than 9,000 since 2020, a jump propelled nearly exclusively by disposable vapes manufactured in China.[10] The majority are available in candy and fruit flavors that have made them the preferred tobacco product among under age minors.[10]

Range of products, marketing, and accessibility

One of the myths peddled by the industry is that these are largely colourings and flavourings, which can be eaten without harm. But eating is not the same as inhaling! Indeed, propylene glycol and flavourants have been shown to be toxic to airway epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo.[29]

 —Andrew Bush and colleagues, Acta medica Lituanica[29]

Brands owned by tobacco companies offered a limited range of e-cigarette products, whereas brands owned by vape shops emphasized a panoply of flavor and nicotine options.[6] A multitude of non-reusable and reusable e-cigarette devices are in the marketplace.[30] There are engineering differences among brands.[31] Unlike combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes typically come in a variety of product design, such as open versus closed system, which poses challenges to tobacco control policies.[2] Various brands, including Juul, use liquid nicotine salts.[8] As a result of this, greater concentrations of nicotine can be breathed in easier and with not as much irritation as free-base nicotine used in other e-cigarettes.[8] Puff Bars and other non-reusable e-cigarette devices are enticing to children and youth because of their vivid colors and flavors, affordable price, and convenient access.[32] Manufacturers are offering clothing explicilty made to hide vaping by the user.[33]

Major transnational tobacco companies (e.g., British American Tobacco and Philip Morris International) have benefited from large advertising and marketing budgets, which enable promotion across the internet and social media.[34] In 2019, the majority of major e-cigarette brands had a presence on no less than two social media sites.[35] Pod mod brands engage in social media marketing to target minors and young adults.[36] Instagram is one platform popular among teenagers and young adults through which e-cigarette brands (such as Juul) have used visual advertising to market their products.[34] E-cigarette firms use vigorous marketing tactics like those used back in the 1950s and 1960s to push sales of regular cigarettes.[37]

Numerous brands maintain retail websites.[6] Online vape shops are one of the most common outlets for purchases of e-cigarettes.[2] As of 2017, regulatory requirements do not provide clear guidance regarding specific processes needed to effectively prevent sales to minors.[6] In the years of 2016 to 2017, internet-only and vape shops brands appeared to take weaker actions to restrict youth access relative to major tobacco-owned brands.[6]

Regulatory oversight

A number of researchers and public health officials have raised concern that strict regulatory oversight will suppress product innovation; push out smaller, independent companies with limited resources; and ultimately strengthen market dominance for major tobacco companies.[6] Major tobacco companies, whose practices have been shaped by decades of experience with federal regulators, appear well-positioned and well-resourced to gain advantage within a strict regulatory environment.[6] There is also some evidence suggesting that independent brands have already started reducing their product inventory and closing down operations in response to impending US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight, as of 2018.[6] A 2018 brand surveys indicate substantial attrition in e-cigarette brands over the past few years.[6] This contrasts sharply with the strong growth in e-cigarette brand websites found by Zhu et al from 2012 to 2014, and it suggests that the industry may be headed toward even greater contraction in the number of brands in the coming years.[6] There is a lack of US FDA oversight of these products.[38] As of 2023, their recent explosion in use has made it difficult to regulate their use across the world.[39] Their lack of regulation impacts safety.[17]

Industry ownership

E-cigarettes are not always made by the tobacco company.[40] They can be made by independent factories that can have low quality standards for the device itself and associated battery.[40] Previously, the e-cigarette market was largely driven by small companies.[11] In 2013, several large tobacco firms have launched their own brands and products.[12] These include Altria, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and Lorillard Tobacco Company.[11] Big Tobacco's entrance into the e-cigarette industry has been an area of concern.[13] The majority of the leading e-cigarette brands are owned by large tobacco firms.[14] As cigarette companies have acquired the largest e-cigarette brands, they currently benefit from a dual market of smokers and e-cigarette users while simultaneously presenting themselves as agents of harm reduction.[15] Regardless of their industry ownership, e-cigarette companies have a vested interest in maximizing the number of long-term product users.[15] Thus, the ethical onus falls on governments to restrict the influence of industry through appropriate regulations targeting product manufacturing, availability, and use, devised in light of public health interests.[15]

Manufacturing and packaging standards

The design and manufacturing procedures of e-cigarettes have evolved over time.[41] Their price, quality, and design vary significantly.[42] E-cigarettes have undergone dramatic changes in design to deliver nicotine more efficiently.[43] E-cigarette brands tend to lack manufacturing standards[17] and concern exists over lack of quality control.[18] As of 2017, hundreds of manufacturing plants in China provide the electronic base for the e-cigarettes and export them worldwide, particularly to Europe and North America, where the devices are turned into packaged brands.[44] For the year of 2014, Chinese manufacturers were anticipated to produce more than 300 million e-cigarettes for the Europe and United States market, which are sold at places such as Walmart, 7-Eleven, gas stations, and vape shops.[45]

Around 90% of e-cigarettes sold worldwide are made in China, as of 2014.[46] In 2022, 99% of disposable vapes like Elf Bar were made in China.[47] Multinational tobacco firms who have penetrated the e-cigarette sector are manufacturing in China.[45] There are about 1,000 manufacturers of vaping devices in Shenzhen, China.[48] A considerable number of other companies are part of the supply chain for vaping products across China.[49] In 2014, large e-cigarette companies in the US had started to relocate manufacturing to Europe or the US.[45] The same can be said for multinational tobacco firms, as of 2014.[45] Some manufacturers and vendors in China are selling counterfeits of brand names and replicating designs of popular companies.[50] Illegally sold Chinese-made disposable vapes contain 4.5 ml of nicotine in the liquid, which is above the legal limit for nicotine in the UK.[51] These commonly available products in the UK also contain significantly more liquid and provide 3,500 puffs.[51]

1

2

  • 21st Century Smoke[53]

5

  • 528 Custom Vapes[54]

7

A

B

Various types of e-cigarette devices
Various types of e-cigarette devices

C

D

Dank Vapes device
Dank Vapes device

E

eTron 3T organic red, gold and menthol bubble-packs containing stick-like products.
eTron 3T organic red, gold and menthol products

F

G

H

I

J

Juul e-cigarette with a battery and differently flavored pods
Juul e-cigarette with a battery and differently flavored pods[138]

K

L

M

A perron vaping outdoors using a Blueberry On Ice Mr Fog Max device
A perron vaping outdoors using a Blueberry On Ice Mr Fog Max device

N

Various flavors of e-liquid
Various flavors of e-liquid

O

P

Puff Plus and Puff Bars
Puff Plus and Puff Bars[181]

Q

R

S

T

U

V

A Vapourlites electronic cigarette with a USB power charger
A later-generation V2 Cigs e-cigarette

VEEV[234]

W

X

Y

Z

See also

References

  1. ↑ Donaldson, Scott I.; Dormanesh, Allison; Perez, Cindy; Majmundar, Anuja; Allem, Jon-Patrick (1 September 2022). "Association Between Exposure to Tobacco Content on Social Media and Tobacco Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Pediatrics. 176 (9): 878. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2223. PMC 9274450. PMID 35816331.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ma, Shaoying; Qiu, Zefeng; Yang, Qian; Bridges, John F. P.; Chen, Jian; Shang, Ce (27 October 2022). "Expanding the E-Liquid Flavor Wheel: Classification of Emerging E-Liquid Flavors in Online Vape Shops". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (21): 13953. doi:10.3390/ijerph192113953. PMC 9658901. PMID 36360834. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help) This article incorporates text by Shaoying Ma, Zefeng Qiu, Qian Yang, John F. P. Bridges, Jian Chen, and Ce Shang available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kamat, Aarti D.; Van Dyke, Alison L. (2017). "Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Among Adolescents: Status of the Evidence and Public Health Recommendations". Pediatric Annals. 46 (2): e69–e77. doi:10.3928/19382359-20170111-01. ISSN 1938-2359. PMID 28192582. S2CID 20909216.
  4. ↑ Robehmed, Natalie (17 September 2013). "E-cigarette Sales Surpass $1 Billion As Big Tobacco Moves In". Forbes.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Li, Liqiao; Lin, Yan; Xia, Tian; Zhu, Yifang (2020). "Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Indoor Air Quality and Health". Annual Review of Public Health. 41 (1): 363–380. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094043. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 7346849. PMID 31910714. This article incorporates text by Liqiao Li, Yan Lin, Tian Xia, and Yifang Zhu1 available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Hsu, Greta; Sun, Jessica Y; Zhu, Shu-Hong (12 March 2018). "Evolution of Electronic Cigarette Brands From 2013-2014 to 2016-2017: Analysis of Brand Websites". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 20 (3): e80. doi:10.2196/jmir.8550. PMC 5869180. PMID 29530840. This article incorporates text by Greta Hsu, Jessica Y Sun, and Shu-Hong Zhu available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Clapp, Phillip W.; Jaspers, Ilona (2017). "Electronic Cigarettes: Their Constituents and Potential Links to Asthma". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 17 (11): 79. doi:10.1007/s11882-017-0747-5. ISSN 1529-7322. PMC 5995565. PMID 28983782.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Taylor, Amelia; Dunn, Keeley; Turfus, Sophie (February 2021). "A review of nicotine‐containing electronic cigarettes—Trends in use, effects, contents, labelling accuracy and detection methods". Drug Testing and Analysis. 13 (2): 242–260. doi:10.1002/dta.2998. PMID 33450135.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Henry, Travis S.; Kligerman, Seth J.; Raptis, Constantine A.; Mann, Howard; Sechrist, Jacob W.; Kanne, Jeffrey P. (2019). "Imaging Findings of Vaping-Associated Lung Injury". American Journal of Roentgenology: 1–8. doi:10.2214/AJR.19.22251. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 31593518.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Perrone, Matthew (13 October 2023). "Elf Bar finds an easy way around US vape import ban: a name change". AP News.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Zainol Abidin, Najihah; Zainal Abidin, Emilia; Zulkifli, Aziemah; Karuppiah, Karmegam; Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah; Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq (2017). "Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers" (PDF). Reviews on Environmental Health. 32 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1515/reveh-2016-0059. ISSN 2191-0308. PMID 28107173. S2CID 6885414.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Drummond, Katie (26 August 2013). "E-cigarette sales are booming, could outpace traditional smokes within decades". The Verge.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Bareham, David; Ahmadi, Keivan; Elie, Mathieu; Jones, Arwel W (2016). "E-cigarettes: controversies within the controversy" (PDF). The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 4 (11): 868–869. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30312-5. ISSN 2213-2600. PMID 27743867.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Walley, Susan C.; Wilson, Karen M.; Winickoff, Jonathan P.; Groner, Judith (2019). "A Public Health Crisis: Electronic Cigarettes, Vape, and JUUL". Pediatrics. 143 (6): e20182741. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2741. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 31122947.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Franck, Caroline; Filion, Kristian B.; Kimmelman, Jonathan; Grad, Roland; Eisenberg, Mark J. (2016). "Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction". Respiratory Research. 17 (1): 53. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0370-3. ISSN 1465-993X. PMC 4869264. PMID 27184265. This article incorporates text by Caroline Franck, Kristian B. Filion, Jonathan Kimmelman, Roland Grad and Mark J. Eisenberg available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 "Prefilled E-Liquid Pods Market Growth By 2030". MarketWatch. 6 April 2023.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Schraufnagel, DE (2015). "Electronic Cigarettes: Vulnerability of Youth". Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 28 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1089/ped.2015.0490. PMC 4359356. PMID 25830075.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Biyani, S; Derkay, CS (28 April 2015). "E-cigarettes: Considerations for the otolaryngologist". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 79 (8): 1180–1183. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.032. PMID 25998217.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Patten, Theresa; De Biasi, Mariella (October 2020). "History repeats itself: Role of characterizing flavors on nicotine use and abuse". Neuropharmacology. 177: 108162. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108162. PMC 7814940. PMID 32497589.
  20. ↑ O'Callaghan, Marissa; Boyle, Niamh; Fabre, Aurelie; Keane, Michael P.; McCarthy, Cormac (10 March 2022). "Vaping-Associated Lung Injury: A Review". Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). MDPI AG. 58 (3): 412. doi:10.3390/medicina58030412. ISSN 1648-9144. PMC 8949983. PMID 35334588.} This article incorporates text by Marissa O’Callaghan, Niamh Boyle, Aurelie Fabre, Michael P. Keane, and Cormac McCarthy available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  21. ↑ Robehmed, Natalie (17 September 2013). "E-cigarette Sales Surpass $1 Billion As Big Tobacco Moves In". Forbes.
  22. ↑ Ling, Pamela M.; Kim, Minji; Egbe, Catherine O.; Patanavanich, Roengrudee; Pinho, Mariana; Hendlin, Yogi (1 March 2022). "Moving targets: how the rapidly changing tobacco and nicotine landscape creates advertising and promotion policy challenges". Tobacco Control. 31 (2): 222–228. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056552. PMID 35241592.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Zhu, Shu-Hong; Sun, Jessica Y; Bonnevie, Erika; Cummins, Sharon E; Gamst, Anthony; Yin, Lu; Lee, Madeleine (2014). "Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation". Tobacco Control. 23 (suppl 3): iii3–iii9. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 4078673. PMID 24935895.
  24. ↑ Crespi, Elizabeth; Hardesty, Jeffrey J; Nian, Qinghua; Sinamo, Joshua; Welding, Kevin; Kennedy, Ryan David; Cohen, Joanna E (27 April 2022). "Agreement Between Self-reports and Photos to Assess e-Cigarette Device and Liquid Characteristics in Wave 1 of the Vaping and Patterns of e-Cigarette Use Research Study: Web-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 24 (4): e33656. doi:10.2196/33656. PMC 9096652. PMID 35475727. This article incorporates text by Elizabeth Crespi, Jeffrey J Hardesty, Qinghua Nian, Joshua Sinamo, Kevin Welding, Ryan David Kennedy, and Joanna E Cohen available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  25. ↑ Hsu, Greta; Sun, Jessica Y; Zhu, Shu-Hong (2018). "Evolution of Electronic Cigarette Brands From 2013-2014 to 2016-2017: Analysis of Brand Websites". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 20 (3): e80. doi:10.2196/jmir.8550. ISSN 1438-8871. PMC 5869180. PMID 29530840.
  26. ↑ Correa, John B.; Ariel, Idan; Menzie, Nicole S.; Brandon, Thomas H. (2017). "Documenting the emergence of electronic nicotine delivery systems as a disruptive technology in nicotine and tobacco science". Addictive Behaviors. 65: 179–184. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.021. ISSN 0306-4603. PMC 5140675. PMID 27816664.
  27. ↑ Boudi, F Brian; Patel, Sonia; Boudi, Ava; Chan, Connie (2019). "Vitamin E Acetate as a Plausible Cause of Acute Vaping-related Illness". Cureus. 11 (12): e6350. doi:10.7759/cureus.6350. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6952050. PMID 31938636. This article incorporates text by F Brian Boudi, Sonia Patel, Ava Boudi, Connie Chan available under the CC BY 3.0 license.
  28. ↑ Havermans, Anne; Krüsemann, Erna J Z; Pennings, Jeroen; de Graaf, Kees; Boesveldt, Sanne; Talhout, Reinskje (January 2021). "Nearly 20 000 e-liquids and 250 unique flavour descriptions: an overview of the Dutch market based on information from manufacturers". Tobacco Control. 30 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055303. PMC 7803909. PMID 31685584.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Bush, Andrew; Ferkol, Thomas; Valiulis, Algirdas; Mazur, Artur; Chkhaidze, Ivane; Maglakelidze, Tamaz; Sargsyan, Sergey; Boyajyan, Gevorg; Cirstea, Olga; Doan, Svitlana; Katilov, Oleksandr; Pokhylko, Valeriy; Dubey, Leonid; Poluziorovienė, Edita; Prokopčiuk, Nina; Taminskienė, Vaida; Valiulis, Arūnas (8 February 2021). "Unfriendly Fire: How the Tobacco Industry is Destroying the Future of Our Children". Acta medica Lituanica. 28 (1): 6–18. doi:10.15388/Amed.2020.28.1.6. PMC 8311841. PMID 34393624. This article incorporates text by Andrew Bush, Thomas Ferkol, Algirdas Valiulis, Artur Mazur, Ivane Chkhaidze, Tamaz Maglakelidze, Sergey Sargsyan, Gevorg Boyajyan, Olga Cirstea, Svitlana Doan, Oleksandr Katilov, Valeriy Pokhylko, Leonid Dubey, Edita Poluziorovienė, Nina Prokopčiuk, Vaida Taminskienė, Arūnas Valiulis available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  30. ↑ Brown, Christopher J; Cheng, James M (2014). "Electronic cigarettes: product characterisation and design considerations". Tobacco Control. 23 (suppl 2): ii4–ii10. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051476. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995271. PMID 24732162.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 Mir, Mikael; Rauf, Ibtisam; Goksoy, Sarah; Khedr, Anwar; Jama, Abbas B; Mushtaq, Hisham; Jain, Nitesh K; Khan, Syed Anjum; Surani, Salim; Koritala, Thoyaja (25 May 2022). "Electronic Cigarettes: Are They Smoking Cessation Aids or Health Hazards?". Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.25330. PMC 9232181. PMID 35761921. This article incorporates text by Mikael Mir, Ibtisam Rauf, Sarah Goksoy, Anwar Khedr, Abbas B Jama, Hisham Mushtaq, Nitesh K Jain, Syed Anjum Khan, Salim Surani, and Thoyaja Koritala1 available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  32. ↑ Rosenthal, Hannah; Chow, Nelson; Mehta, Setu; Pham, Duy; Milanaik, Ruth (June 2022). "Puff bars: a dangerous trend in adolescent disposable e-cigarette use". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 34 (3): 288–294. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000001123. PMID 35152232.
  33. ↑ Marcham, Cheryl L.; Springston, John P. (2019). "Electronic cigarettes in the indoor environment". Reviews on Environmental Health. 34 (2): 105–124. doi:10.1515/reveh-2019-0012. ISSN 2191-0308. PMID 31112510. S2CID 135122336.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Smith, Marissa J.; Buckton, Christina; Patterson, Chris; Hilton, Shona (20 March 2023). "User-generated content and influencer marketing involving e-cigarettes on social media: a scoping review and content analysis of YouTube and Instagram". BMC Public Health. 23 (1): 530. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15389-1. PMC 10029293. PMID 36941553. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help) This article incorporates text by Marissa J. Smith, Christina Buckton, Chris Patterson, and Shona Hilton available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  35. ↑ Venrick, Samantha J.; Kelley, Dannielle E.; O'Brien, Erin; Margolis, Katherine A.; Navarro, Mario A.; Alexander, Jennifer P.; O'Donnell, Allison N. (February 2023). "U.S. digital tobacco marketing and youth: A narrative review". Preventive Medicine Reports. 31: 102094. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102094. PMID 36820374.
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