User/Whispyhistory/vaccines/meningococcal vaccines

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Six groups of meningococcal bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) cause the most disease globally: A, B, C, W, X, Y.[1][2][3] A meningococcal vaccine is available for 5 of them.[4] There is no vaccine that protects against group X.[5]

Types

Meningoccal B vaccine

Meningoccal B vaccine, also known as MenB vaccine, is a meningitis vaccine to protect against meningococcal disease caused by type B Neisseria meningitidis.[6] Brands include Bexsero (GSK), also known as 4CMenB.[4] It is licensed worldwide.[4] Another is Trumenba (bivalent rLP2086) (Pfizer).[6] Both are licensed for age 10 to 25 year olds.[6] Bexsero maybe used from age 2-months.[2]

Recommendations

Several countries have introduced Bexsero into routine infant immunisation programmes.[2] Trumenba is licensed for age over 10-years in Europe and US.[2] If a course of MenB vaccine has not previously been received, then two-doses 6-months apart is recommended for 16 to 23 year olds.[6]

Storage and administration

MenB vaccines are available in single-dose pre-filled syringes, stored cold but not frozen, and given by injection into muscle.[6]

Effectiveness

Bexsero use in routine infant vaccination programmes has shown to provide broad protection against group B meningococcal disease in infants.[2] At least 2 4CMenB doses reduce type B meningococcal disease by 50%-100% in 2-month to 20-year-olds.[4] A mass vaccine campaign was initiated in New Jersey following a meningitis B outbreak at a university there in 2013-2014.[6] Two-dose coverage was achieved in around 90% of students and no further cases occurred.[6] The MenB vaccine might not reduce nasopharyngeal carriage to the same extent as other meningitis vaccines, meaning a higher uptake is required, as herd immunity cannot be certain.[6]

Side effects

Side effects are rare and include pain and swelling at site of injection. Seizures, bronchospasm, skin reactions, allergic reactions and infections have been reported.[9]

Contraindications

MenB vaccine must not be given if there has been a previous allergic reaction to one of its ingredients.[6] Bexsero caps contain rubber latex, which may cause an allergic reaction.[6]

MenB vaccines
brand Ingredients Administration and storage Licensing and cost
Trumenba (Pfizer)[6] Two N. meningitides serogroup B recombinant factor H binding protein variants (A & B), polysorbate 80, aluminium phosphate, histidine buffered saline.[6] Single-dose pre-filled syringe, stored cold but not frozen. Given by injection into muscle[6] First licensed 2014.[6] Licensed for age over 10-years in Europe and US.[2]
Bexsero (GlaxoSmithkline)[4] (4CMenB) Four 'recombinant proteins; factor H binding protein, neisserial adhesion, neisserial heparin binding antigen, outer membrane vesicle, aluminium hydroxide, sodium chloride, histidine sucrose..[6] Single-dose pre-refilled syringe, stored cold but not frozen. Given by injection into muscle.[6] Licensed in >35 countries since first license in Europe 2013.[2]

Meningitis C vaccine

Meningitis C vaccine, also known as menC vaccine is a meningitis vaccine to protect against group C Neisseria meningitidis bacteria, and is available combined with Hib or in the MenACWY vaccine.[10]

Effectiveness

There has been a decline in the numbers of cases of MenC disease since the vaccine was introduced in the UK.[10] It prevents carriage of MenC bacteria in the throat and since introduction of the vaccine in the UK, MenC has been eradicated there.

Availablity and licensing

Between 1999 and 2016, a single MenC vaccine was available for routine use in the UK.[10]

Gallery

  • MenACWY vaccine

    MenACWY vaccine

  • Meningococcal B vaccine

    Meningococcal B vaccine

  • MenC and Hib vaccine

    MenC and Hib vaccine

References

  1. ↑ "Meningitis". www.who.int. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Pollard, Andrew J.; Snape, Matthew D.; Sadarangani, Manish (2021). "22. Meningoccal vaccines". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 249–260. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  3. ↑ "Meningococcal Vaccination | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Martinón-Torres, Federico; Banzhoff, Angelika; Azzari, Chiara; De Wals, Philippe; Marlow, Robin; Marshall, Helen; Pizza, Mariagrazia; Rappuoli, Rino; Bekkat-Berkani, Rafik (July 2021). "Recent advances in meningococcal B disease prevention: real-world evidence from 4CMenB vaccination". The Journal of Infection. 83 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.031. ISSN 1532-2742. PMID 33933528. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  5. ↑ "Meningitis". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 Suryadevara, Manika (2021). "19. Meningococcus". In Domachowske, Joseph; Suryadevara, Manika (eds.). Vaccines: A Clinical Overview and Practical Guide. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 235–246. ISBN 978-3-030-58416-0. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  7. ↑ Plotkin, Susan L.; Plotkin, Stanley A. (2018). "39. Meningococcal Capsular Group B Vaccines". In Orenstein, Walter; Offit, Paul A.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Plotkin, Stanley A. (eds.). Plotkin's Vaccines (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 644–663. ISBN 978-0-323-35761-6. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Meningitis Vaccines | Meningitis Research Foundation". www.meningitis.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  9. ↑ Fontalvo-Mendoza, María Fernanda; Pérez-Romero, Diana Marcela; Quintana-Pájaro, Loraine; Ramos-Villegas, Yan Carlos; Ballestas, Ezequiel García; Florez-Perdomo, William A.; Ghosh, Amrita; Pal, Ranabir; Moscote-Salazar, Luis Rafael; Agrawal, Amit (March 2022). "Meningococcal Vaccination and Risk of Serious Adverse Events: A Systematic Review". Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 30 (2): 1–6. doi:10.1097/IPC.0000000000001115. ISSN 1056-9103. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "MenC Vaccine (Meningococcal C Vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge". vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
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