User/Whispyhistory/vaccines/cholera vaccines

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search


There are several brands of cholera vaccine, all of which are only partially effective, and prevention of cholera requires good sanitation and clean water.[1][2][3] There are three killed oral cholera vaccines (kOCVs) prequalified by WHO for use in endemic areas; Dukoral, Euvichol-Plus and Shanchol.[1] Vaxchora is a single dose live attenuated oral cholera vaccine licensed in the US.[1] As of 2017, the WHO recommends kOCVs for use in endemic areas, during certain crises and outbreaks. Since 2014, 15 countries utilised millions of WHO stockpiled cholera vaccines.[1]

Cholera vaccine
Name Type administation Recommendations Instruction Comments Effectiveness History/social
Euvichol-Plus Bivalent vaccine killed whole cell mixtures of 01 and 0139 serogroup V. cholera.[1] By mouth.[3] 2-dose course two-weeks apart.[1][4] Use in endemic areas during certain crises and outbreaks.[1] Used in age over 12 months.[4] After shaking the vaccine container rigorously, 1.5 mL of the vaccine should be squirted into the mouth, with or without. sip of water.[5] Eubiologics, Seoul, Korea.[1] It can survive without the cold chain storage for several weeks.[1] Stockpiled by WHO.[1] Low cost.[4] In the first 2 years after vaccination it is around 66% effective in older children and adults and 38% effective in children under age 5 years.[1] First produced in 2011 and WHO prequalified in 2017.[6] Available in plastic tubes.[6]
Shanchol Bivalent vaccine killed whole cell mixtures of 01 and 0139 serogroup V. cholera.[1] By mouth.[3] 2-dose course two-weeks apart.[1][4] Use in endemic areas during certain crises and outbreaks.[1] Used in age over 12 months.[4] Shantha Biotechnics-Sanofi Pasteur, India.[1] Cheapest.[3] Few side effects.[3] It can survive without the cold chain storage for several weeks.[1] Stockpiled by WHO.[1] In the first 2 years after vaccination it is around 66% effective in older children and adults and 38% effective in children under age 5 years.[1] OR 52% effective in first year, 62% in second.[3] Licensed in India in 2009.[6]
Dukoral Killed whole cell containing only 01 serogroup V. cholera with the CTB-subunit.[1] By mouth.[1] 2-dose course.[3] Licensed in Europe and Canada for age over 2-years in certain travellers at high risk.[1][3] 2 doses 1 to 6 weeks apart.[3] If more than 6 weeks interval between first 2 doses then course needs restarting.[3] Booster (within 6 months of primary course in under 2 year olds, within 2 years in over 6 year olds) if continuous protection needed.[3][7] Valneva, France.[1] Supplied as granules and a separate buffer suspension.[3] In the first 2 years after vaccination it is around 66% effective in older children and adults and 38% effective in children under age 5 years.[1] Effectiveness wanes rapidly after 6 months.[3] WHO prequalified in 2001.[6]
Vaxchora Live attenuated[2] By mouth, one dose only.[2] One dose 10 days before travel to high risk areas.[2] It is taken by mouth, avoiding eating and drinking for one hour before and after taking it.[2] Emergent Biosolutions for certain travellers in the US[1] It comes in 2 packets and is stored away from light and moisture, and in the cold but not frozen.[2] May reduce risk of severe diarrhea in people by 90% at 10 days after vaccination and by 80% at 3 months after vaccination.[8] Licensed for use in the US in 2016.[2]

Images

  • Euvichol-plus

    Euvichol-plus

  • Dukoral vial and bicarbonate buffer

    Dukoral vial and bicarbonate buffer


References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 Weil, Ana A.; Ryan, Edward T. (2022). "66. Cholera". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 388–389. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Bonville, Cynthia; Domachowske, Joseph (2021). "8. Cholera". In Domachowske, Joseph; Suryadevara, Manika (eds.). Vaccines: A Clinical Overview and Practical Guide. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 111–119. ISBN 978-3-030-58416-0. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Prevatt, Natalie; Behrens, Ron H. (2021). "23. Paediatric vaccines for travel outside Europe". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 272–273. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "3.6 Vaccination against cholera - Management of a CHOLERA EPIDEMIC". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  5. ↑ "Euvichol-Plus Full Prescribing Information, Dosage & Side Effects | MIMS Malaysia". www.mims.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Odevall, Lina; Hong, Deborah; Digilio, Laura; Sahastrabuddhe, Sushant; Mogasale, Vittal; Baik, Yeongok; Choi, Seukkeun; Kim, Jerome H.; Lynch, Julia (29 October 2018). "The Euvichol story - Development and licensure of a safe, effective and affordable oral cholera vaccine through global public private partnerships". Vaccine. 36 (45): 6606–6614. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.026. ISSN 1873-2518. PMID 30314912. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  7. ↑ "14. Vaccines". British National Formulary (BNF) (82 ed.). London: BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2021 – March 2022. pp. 1366–1384. ISBN 978-0-85711-413-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  8. ↑ "Vaccines | Prevention and Control | Cholera | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/w/index.php?title=User/Whispyhistory/vaccines/cholera_vaccines&oldid=1292212"