Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present)

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Timeline of geopolitical changes

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world since 2000. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, concession, occupation, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of military campaigns. However, those changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included in this list. Changes in airspace and maritime territory are included only when they are subject to a dispute.[a]

2000s

Year Date Event
2000 20 March Six weeks after the fall of Grozny, the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria is overthrown as a state following its defeat in the Battle of Komsomolskoye; as an insurgency it continues to resist Russian rule in Chechnya for years.
24 May Israel completely withdraws from its occupation zone in southern Lebanon, where it is replaced by United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon peacekeeping forces.
12 June Saudi Arabia and Yemen sign a treaty resolving their border dispute.
17 August Colombia returns its capital city's name from Santa Fe de Bogotá back to Bogotá, Distrito Capital.[1]
5 September Taloqan, the de facto capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, falls to the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The capital moves to Fayzabad.[2]
2001 16 March The ICJ resolves the territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, awarding Fasht Al Azm, Qit'at Jaradah, and most of the Hawar Islands to Bahrain, and Fasht Dibal, Zubarah, and Janan Island to Qatar.[3]
21 March Qatar and Saudi Arabia sign a treaty resolving their border dispute.[4]
1 July The temporarily independent Puntland State of Somalia adopts a new constitution explicitly identifying itself as an "independent integral part of Somalia".[5]
11 September Four coordinated suicide attacks by the Islamist jihadist organisation Al-Qaeda are organized against the United States, via hijacking commercial airliners mid-flight.[6] 2,996 people are killed and the US begins the war on terror.
7 October The United States and a NATO-led alliance invade Afghanistan, beginning an occupation which continued until 2021.
13 November The capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan returns to Kabul with the reconquest of the city by the forces of the Northern Alliance, beginning a cascading collapse of the Taliban forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
17 December The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is completely overthrown following its defeat in the Battle of Tora Bora. The Taliban soon reemerges as an insurgency.
23 December The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros changes its name to the Union of the Comoros.[7]
2002 14 February The State of Bahrain changes its name to the Kingdom of Bahrain.[8]
10 March The Union of the Comoros reabsorbs the de facto independent State of Anjouan and the Democratic Republic of Mohéli. Mutsamudu and Fomboni yield to Moroni as the capital.[9]
20 May The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste gains independence with the promulgation of a constitution and the conclusion of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor. Dili remains the capital.
21 May The United Kingdom changes the title of its British Dependent Territories to that of British Overseas Territories. The citizens of each British Overseas Territory gain full British citizenship.
2003 4 February The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.[10]
20 March United States-led coalition forces invade Iraq, beginning an occupation which lasts for more than eight years.
15 April United States forces conquer Tikrit, the last stronghold of Ba'athist Iraq.[11]
28 March France reorganizes the Territorial collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon as the Overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[12]
France reorganizes the Overseas Territory of Wallis and Futuna as the Overseas collectivity of Wallis and Futuna.[13]
France reorganizes the Overseas Territory of French Polynesia as the Overseas collectivity of French Polynesia.[14]
26 May The Rwandese Republic changes its name to the Republic of Rwanda.[15]
2004 9 January Kazakhstan agrees to a revision of the terms of Russia's lease of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, extending it to 2050 with no established options on further extensions.[16]
27 February France elevates the Overseas collectivity of French Polynesia to the Overseas Country of French Polynesia.[17]
29 March Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's fifth enlargement.
1 May Ten more states join the European Union: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
1 September The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat administering Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south establishes its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
7 December The Islamic State of Afghanistan changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with the end of the transitional period set out in the new constitution.[18][19][20]
2005 12 September Israel completely withdraws its forces from the Gaza Strip. A Palestinian Civil War leads to Gaza effectively withdrawing from the Palestinian Authority and becoming a separate entity under Hamas by June 2007.
6 November Myanmar moves its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw.[21]
2006 Uzbekistan rejoins the Collective Security Treaty Organisation after previously leaving in 1999.
3 June The Republic of Montenegro secedes from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital.
5 June The Republic of Serbia supersedes the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital.
7 October Palau moves its capital from Koror to Ngerulmud.[22]
2007 1 January Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.
15 January The Kingdom of Nepal changes its name to the State of Nepal.[23]
21 February France detaches the Overseas collectivity of Saint Barthélemy from Guadeloupe. Gustavia becomes the capital.
France detaches the Overseas collectivity of Saint Martin from Guadeloupe. Marigot becomes the capital.
France integrates the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean into the French Southern and Antarctic Lands as its fifth district.[24]
22 October The Republic of Montenegro changes its name to Montenegro.
2008 17 February The Republic of Kosovo declares independence from Serbia, which continues to claim it as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija; other countries divide on recognizing its declaration. Pristina remains the capital.[25]
4 August The State of Nepal changes its name to the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.[26]
11 August The separatist forces of South Ossetia, supported by Russia, completely expel the forces of Georgia from the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, which Georgia continues to claim in its entirety.
12 August The separatist forces of Abkhazia, supported by Russia, completely expel the forces of Georgia from Upper Abkhazia, the last territory held by Georgia in the region which it continues to claim in its entirety.
14 August Nigeria completes the transfer of Bakassi to Cameroon, fulfilling the terms of a 2002 ICJ ruling on the disputed territory.[27]
27 August Russia recognizes the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia. Most countries continue to recognize these territories as part of Georgia.[28]
14 October China is ceded 174 km2 of land by Russia as part of a treaty delimiting the borders and settling a territorial dispute between the two countries.[29]
2009 7 February The Republic of Bolivia changes its name to the Plurinational State of Bolivia.[30]
1 April Albania and Croatia join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's sixth enlargement.
14 July China is ceded 9 km2 of land by Kyrgyzstan as part of a treaty delimiting the borders between the two countries.[31][32]
1 September The British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena and Dependencies changes its name to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Jamestown on Saint Helena remains the capital.
24 November The United States cedes six uninhabited islands totaling 0.44 km2 in the Rio Grande river to Mexico and Mexico cedes three uninhabited islands and two bancos totaling 0.27 km2 after pending for 20 years.[33]

2010s

Year Date Event
2010 21 April Ukraine extends Russia's lease on naval facilities in Sevastopol for an additional twenty-five years beyond the 2017 expiration, until 2042, with further renewal options thereafter.[34]
10 October The Kingdom of the Netherlands dissolves the Netherlands Antilles.[35] New polities include:
21 October The Union of Myanmar changes its name to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.[36]
2011 11 January China is ceded 1322 km2 of land by Tajikistan after the final ratification of boundary treaties between the two countries.[37]
2 February The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name back to the Republic of Fiji.[38]
15 March Unrest in Syria leads to the beginning of the Syrian Civil War.
31 March Implementing the decision of a March 2009 referendum, France incorporates the Departmental collectivity of Mayotte as the Overseas department and region of Mayotte.[39]
9 July Following a referendum in January, Southern Sudan gains independence from Sudan as the Republic of South Sudan. Juba remains the capital.[40]
1 September Amidst a civil war, Muammar Gaddafi moves the capital of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from Tripoli to Sirte, days after the rebel forces of the National Transitional Council, supported by NATO, conquered Tripoli.[41]
16 September Libya officially supersedes the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, as the United Nations General Assembly seats the representatives of the National Transitional Council and recognizes the country's name change.[42][43]
20 October The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is overthrown following its defeat in the Battle of Sirte. The government of Libya declares the end of the civil war three days later.[44]
18 December The United States ends its occupation of Iraq.[45]
31 December Samoa and Tokelau switch to the western side of the International Date Line, skipping 30 December entirely.[46]
2012 Uzbekistan leaves the Collective Security Treaty Organisation for a second time after rejoining the alliance in 2006.
1 January The Republic of Hungary changes its name to Hungary.[47]
25 January The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) conquers Aguelhok, the first town to fall under the control of the militant separatist group in northern Mali.[48]
6 April The State of Azawad declares independence from Mali, after the MNLA conquers northern Mali's largest cities between 30 March and 2 April. Timbuktu is proclaimed the capital; Gao serves as the provisional capital.[49]
26 May Georgia moves its legislative capital from Tbilisi to Kutaisi. Tbilisi remains the administrative capital.
15 June A standoff beginning 8 April over Scarborough Shoal ends with an agreement between China and the Philippines to both withdraw their forces: only the Philippines actually does so, leaving China in effective possession.[50]
12 July Ansongo, the last town controlled by the State of Azawad, is conquered by Ansar Dine, a militant group aiming to make Mali an Islamist state which had already conquered Azawad's largest cities on 27–28 June.[51]
20 August The Somali Republic changes its name to the Federal Republic of Somalia.
14 December China declares an exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea which extends hundreds of kilometres into Japan's maritime claims.
19 November The ICJ resolves the territorial dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia, upholding Colombia's sovereignty over disputed islands while ceding Nicaragua much of the surrounding maritime territory.[52]
29 November The United Nations General Assembly votes to upgrade the status of the State of Palestine from "entity" to "non-member observer state," effectively granting it recognition.[53]
2013 8 January The General National Congress changes the provisional name of Libya to the State of Libya, pending the adoption of a new constitution.[54]
1 July Croatia joins the European Union.
24 October The Republic of Cape Verde changes its official English name to the Republic of Cabo Verde,[55] following precedents set by Côte d'Ivoire and Timor-Leste.
11 November The ICJ clarifies its 1962 ruling on the disputed border between Cambodia and Thailand, awarding the promontory of Preah Vihear to Cambodia and Phu Ma-khuea hill to Thailand.
23 November China declares an Air Defense Identification Zone over the East China Sea, around half of which overlaps with the previously declared airspace of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
2014 4 January The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant captures Fallujah in Iraq, the first significant city the militant group is able to maintain control over.[56]
14 January After having been expelled from the city by Syrian rebels early in the month, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seizes total control of Raqqa, the largest city to fall under its rule in Syria.[57][58]
27 January The ICJ publishes a new boundary resolving the maritime dispute between Chile and Peru.[59]
24 February Russia begins occupying parts of the Crimea region of Ukraine.
17 March The Republic of Crimea declares independence from Ukraine following a disputed referendum. Sevastopol and Simferopol are the de facto capitals.[60]
18 March The Republic of Crimea is annexed by Russia as two separate federal entities: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Most countries continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.[61]
26 March Crimea is fully occupied by Russia.[62]
12 April Serbia and Afghanistan become observer states to the Collective Security Treaty Organisation.[63]
11 May The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare independence from Ukraine following referendums. Donetsk and Luhansk become their capitals. Both republics remain completely unrecognized.
10 June The Islamic State completely conquers Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq.
29 June Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, declares the foundation of a new caliphate, the Islamic State. Raqqa is the de facto capital.[64]
2015 20 February The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic consolidate their territories with the conquest of Debaltseve from Ukraine, the last major battle of the war in Donbas.
21 March Amidst a civil war, the Cabinet of Yemen provisionally moves the capital of Yemen to Aden, while the Supreme Political Council remains in the official capital of Sanaa.[65]
8 May Burkina Faso and Niger agree to implement the ICJ's 2013 judgment on their frontier dispute case by exchanging 18 towns over the following year (Burkina Faso to gain 14, Niger to gain 4).[66]
31 July India and Bangladesh exchange 162 enclaves, simplifying their mutual border in the region of the former Cooch Behar princely state; Bangladesh gains a net 40 km2.[67]
26 August Syria formally agrees to lease its Khmeimim Air Base to Russia with no time limit.[68]
11 December The Republic of The Gambia changes its name to the Islamic Republic of The Gambia by presidential decree.[69][70]
16 December The ICJ cedes 3 km2 to Costa Rica, resolving part of the San Juan River border dispute with Nicaragua.[71]
2016 5 April After four days of fighting, Azerbaijan reconquers 8–20 km2 of territory controlled by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic since 1994.
2 May The Czech Republic changes its official English short-form name to Czechia.[72]
1 July Australia incorporates Norfolk Island within its domestic institutions and laws, implementing a March 2015 decision to revoke the territory's self-governing status.[73]
2017 18 January Syria's lease of Khmeimim Air Base to Russia is amended from having no time limit to 49 years, renewable for subsequent 25-year periods beginning in 2066.[74]
Syria signs a lease granting Russia sovereign jurisdiction over the naval base at the port of Tartus for 49 years, renewable for subsequent 25-year periods beginning in 2066.[75]
19 January Military forces of Senegal, Ghana, Mali, Togo, and Nigeria, members of the ECOWAS group, launch an invasion of The Gambia to enforce the results of the 2016 Gambian presidential election.
29 January The Islamic Republic of The Gambia changes its name back to the Republic of The Gambia.[76][77]
21 February The unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic changes its name to the Republic of Artsakh after a constitutional referendum.[78][79]
29 March Turkey and the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army complete the conquest of a 2055 km2 occupation zone from the Islamic State and the Syrian Democratic Forces, establishing the Northern Syria Security Belt.[80]
9 April Following a referendum, the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia changes its name to the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania.[81]
18 May The United States establishes a 55 km radius around Al-Tanf effectively under its control, conducting its only attack on pro-government Syrian ground forces of the Syrian Civil War to prevent their advancing into the area.
5 June Montenegro joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's seventh enlargement.
24 June Egypt transfers Sanafir Island and Tiran Island to Saudi Arabia.[82]
20 July Iraqi government forces, allied militias and the Peshmerga, supported by the US-led Joint Task Force and Iran, complete the reconquest of Mosul from the Islamic State.[83]
10 October The Generalitat of Catalonia passes a declaration of Independence from Spain which is soon suspended on 30 October of the same year.
16 October The Iraqi National Army retakes control of Kirkuk from the Kurdistan Regional Government
17 October The Syrian Democratic Forces, supported by the US-led Joint Task Force, complete the reconquest of Raqqa from the Islamic State.[84]
2018 1 January Belgium and the Netherlands exchange territory along the Meuse River, swapping Belgian Presqu'ile de L'llal and Presqu'ile d'Eijsden for Dutch Presqu'ile Petit-Gravier; the Netherlands gains a net 0.1 km2.[85][86]
2 February The International Court of Justice (ICJ) awards the Laguna Los Portillos and its barrier beach to Nicaragua and the remainder of the disputed territory on Isla Portillos to Costa Rica.[87]
24 March Turkey and the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army complete the conquest from the Kurdish People's Protection Units of over 2000 km2 of Afrin, which is added to their Northern Syria Security Belt.
19 April The Kingdom of Swaziland changes its name to the Kingdom of Eswatini.[88]
30 April The United Arab Emirates occupy the Yemeni archipelago of Socotra, amidst an ongoing civil war.
14 May The United Arab Emirates return control of the occupied Socotra archipelago to Yemen, amidst an ongoing civil war.
9 July Ethiopia ends its occupation of Badme and returns the town to Eritrea following a peace summit, ending their twenty-year border conflict.[89]
16 December Georgia moves its legislative capital from Kutaisi back to Tbilisi.[90]
2019 16 January Burundi moves its capital from Bujumbura to Gitega.[91]
12 February The Republic of Macedonia changes its official and constitutional name to the Republic of North Macedonia as part of the Prespa agreement (2018), under which Greece will no longer veto the country's accession to NATO and the EU.[92][93]
23 March Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Astana to Nur-Sultan.[94]
The Syrian Democratic Forces, supported by the US-led Joint Task Force and the Iraqi and Syrian governments, conquers the last territory controlled by the Islamic State in Syria or Iraq, though it continues as an insurgency.[95]
29 October Turkey and the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army complete the conquest from the predominantly-Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces of a 4820 km2 "safe zone", expanding their Northern Syria Security Belt.[96]
27 November Turkey and the Libyan Government of National Accord sign a maritime boundary treaty, establishing exclusive economic zones which are rejected by Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, and the United Arab Emirates.[97]

2020s

Year Date Event
2020 31 January The United Kingdom withdraws from the European Union, entering a transition period in which it continues under EU laws and institutions until 31 December.[98]
27 March North Macedonia joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's eighth enlargement.
6 August Egypt and Greece sign a maritime boundary treaty, establishing exclusive economic zones in the Mediterranean Sea which overlap with the claims made by Libya and Turkey in November 2019.[99]
18 August A coup d'état overthrows the government of Mali.
27 September Beginning of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War between Azerbaijan, and Armenia and the disputed Republic of Artsakh.[100][101]
10 November Armenia and Azerbaijan impose a ceasefire ending the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war; by 15 December the Republic of Artsakh surrenders over 72% of its territory to Azerbaijan, and Russian forces are deployed to the remainder.[102][103][104][105]
2021 1 February The Tatmadaw overthrows the elected government of Myanmar after baselessly alleging electoral fraud in the 2020 general election.[106] Military rule is restored after a 10-year period of civilian rule. Start of mass protests and a civil war.
12 May Azerbaijani soldiers cross several kilometers into Armenia in the provinces of Syunik and Gerharhunik, occupying about 41 square kilometres (16 sq mi) of Armenian territory.[107][108]
24 May A coup d'état overthrows the leadership of Mali.
25 July The Tunisian President Kais Saied conducts a self-coup.
15 August The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapses, while the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan governed by the Taliban restores its power in Kabul, ending the 2001–2021 War in Afghanistan. Fifteen days later, the United States Armed Forces complete their withdrawal from the country.
5 September A coup d'état overthrows the government of Guinea. A military junta is established.
12 October The International Court of Justice rules in favor of Somalia in its dispute with Kenya over a maritime border rich in gas and oil. Kenya does not recognize the ruling.[109]
25 October The Sudanese military take control of the government in the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état.
3 November Qatar and Saudi Arabia demarcate their border, expanding Qatar's territory to include the southern shore of the Khawr al Udayd.[110]
30 November Barbados becomes a republic, severing ties with the British monarchy and ceasing to be a Commonwealth realm, but still remaining a part of the Commonwealth of Nations.[111]
2022 5 January Civil unrest in Kazakhstan leads to the deployment of Collective Security Treaty Organization peacekeepers.[112]
23 January A coup d'état overthrows the government of Burkina Faso.
21 February Russia recognizes the independence of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic from Ukraine, the first UN member to do so. Most countries continue to recognize these territories as part of Ukraine.[113]
24 February Russia launches a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, including troops from its military crossing from Belarus and the mostly unrecognised Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic.[114]
31 May The Republic of Turkey changes its official English name to the Republic of Türkiye.[115]
11 June Denmark and Canada agree to partition the disputed Hans Island, following negotiations.[116] Both sovereign states cease to be single land border sovereign states while Greenland gains its first land border.[117]
26 August Russian peacekeepers leave the Lachin corridor. Azerbaijan regains control of Zabukh, Sus, and Lachin.[118]
17 September Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Nur-Sultan back to Astana.[119][120]
22 September A series of border clashes break out between Azerbaijan and Armenia that last until 24 September. Azerbaijan occupy multiple strategic heights in the border area inside Armenia.
29 September Russia recognizes the independence of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast from Ukraine as a precursor to annexation.[121]
30 September The occupied Ukrainian territories of Kherson Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, including the mostly unrecognized Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, are annexed by Russia following disputed referendums that the United Nations have deemed illegal under international law.[122][123] At the time of annexation, Russia did not control all of the territory that it claimed, with significant portions remaining under Ukrainian control.[123] The recognition of Donetsk PR, Luhansk PR, Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast as independent states (by Russia and others) is nullified as a result of their accession to Russia.
A coup d'état overthrows the government of Burkina Faso, the second in the country within a year.
11 October Israel reaches an agreement with Lebanon on a US-brokered deal solving a dispute over their maritime boundaries.[124]
2023 4 April Finland joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's ninth enlargement.
15 April A war breaks out in Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces. Both sides claim control over key sites, including Khartoum International Airport and the Presidential Palace.
7 May Syria is readmitted to the Arab League after being suspended since 2011.[125]
26 July A coup d'état overthrows the government of Niger.
30 August A coup d'état overthrows the government of Gabon.
20 September The unrecognized Republic of Artsakh begins negotiations to reintegrate into Azerbaijan after a renewed military offensive.
7 October A war breaks out between Israel and Palestinian militant groups led by Hamas after the latter launches a large-scale invasion and offensive against Israel from the Gaza Strip.
27 October Israel launches a counter-invasion of the Gaza Strip.[126]
6 December The unrecognized State of Chinland declares independence from Myanmar after the Chin National Front ratifies their constitution. Hakha is the capital.[127][128]
2024 1 January The Republic of Artsakh is dissolved and reintegrates into Azerbaijan. Stepanakert yields to Baku as the capital.[129]
7 March Sweden joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the alliance's tenth enlargement.[130]
1 April Puntland announces that it will temporarily operate as a functionally independent state from Somalia amid a dispute over Somali constitutional changes.[131] Garoowe is the capital.
25 April A transitional government is established in Haiti after a gang war forces the resignation of the former prime minister following the assassination of Jovenel Moïse in 2021.[132]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lists of non-disputed maritime claims can be found in the articles on exclusive economic zones and maritime boundary treaties.

References

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