Timeline of Saint Petersburg

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Saint Petersburg, Russia.

17th–18th centuries

1611 – Nyenschantz built by Swedes.
1703
- City founded by Tsar Peter the Great
- Cabin of Peter the Great built.
- Artillery museum formed.^[1]
1709 – Petrischule founded.
1710 – Saint Sampson's Church built.
1711 – Menshikov Palace opens.
1712
- City becomes capital of Russian Empire.
- Winter Palace built.
1714
- Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences founded.
- Summer Palace of Peter the Great built.
1716 – Catholic Church of St. Catherine founded.
1718 – Saint Petersburg Police established.
1719 – Summer Garden laid out.
1720
- Hermitage Bridge opens.
- New Holland Island created.
1721 – Ligovsky Canal constructed.
1724
- Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences founded.
- Saint Petersburg Mint founded.
1725
- Peterhof Palace built (approximate date).
- Death of Peter the Great.
1727 – Kunstkamera built.
1728 – State capital moves to Moscow from St. Petersburg.
1731 – Cadet Corps founded.
1732 – State capital moves back to St. Petersburg from Moscow, after only 4 years, and will remain there for nearly two centuries.
1733 – Peter and Paul Cathedral built.
1736 – Fire.
1738 – Imperial Ballet School established.
1740
- Peter and Paul Fortress built.
- Mariinsky Ballet founded (approximate date).
1744
- Lomonosov Porcelain Factory founded.
- Twelve Collegia built.
1748 – Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery opens.
1754
- Stroganov Palace built.
- Anichkov Palace built.
- Transfiguration Cathedral built.
1756 – Alexandrinsky Theatre founded.
1757
- Academy of the Three Noblest Arts founded.
- Vorontsov Palace built.
1759 – Page Corps founded.
1762 – Winter Palace built.
1764
- Hermitage Museum established.
- Institute for Noble Maidens founded.
1770
- Foundling Hospital established.^[2]
- Moika Palace built.
1771 – Chicherin House built.
1773
- Mining School established.
- Volkovo Cemetery established.
1774 – Roller coaster pavilion built at Oranienbaum.
1777
- The Karl Knipper Theatre is founded.
- The Neva caused flooding.^[3]
1779 – Free Russian Theatre opens.
1780
- Saint Andrew's Cathedral consecrated.
- Chesme Church built.
1782 – Bronze Horseman monument unveiled.
1783
- Russian Imperial Opera Orchestra formed.
- Kamenny Theatre opens.
1785
- City Duma established.
- Hermitage Theatre opens.
- Great Gostiny Dvor built.
- Marble Palace built.

19th century

1801
- Friendly Society of Aficionados of Elegance formed.^{[citation needed]}
- Saint Michael's Castle built.
- Tsarina's Meadow renamed Field of Mars.
1802 – Saint Petersburg Philharmonia formed.
1804 – Petersburg Pedagogical Institute established.
1805 – Russian Naval Museum established.
1806 – Police Bridge rebuilt.
1807 – Constantine Palace built.
1808 – Smolny Institute building constructed.
1810
- Military Engineering school established.
- Stock Exchange built.
1811 – Kazan Cathedral built.
1812 – Syn otechestva begins publication.
1813 – Red Bridge built.
1814
- Imperial Public Library opens.^[4]
- Narva Triumphal Arch erected.
1818
- Otechestvennye Zapiski begins publication.
- Blue Bridge built.
- Asiatic Museum founded.
1819 – Saint Petersburg University formed.
1822 – Yelagin Palace built.
1823 – Admiralty building rebuilt.
1824 - The Neva caused flooding.^[3]
1825
- December – Interregnum.
- Decembrist revolt.
- Northern Bee begins publication.
- Mikhailovsky Palace built.
1826 – Kamenny Island Theatre building constructed.
1829 – General Staff Building constructed.
1832 – Zoological Museum established.
1833
- Obvodny Canal opens.
- Mikhaylovsky Theatre founded.
1834 – Alexander Column unveiled.
1835
- Imperial School of Jurisprudence founded.
- Trinity Cathedral built.
1836
- Sovremennik begins publication.
- Premiere of Glinka's opera A Life for the Tsar.^[5]
1838 – Moscow Triumphal Gate erected.
1839
- Observatory opens.
- Bolshoi Zal built.
1842 – Alexander Park established.
1844 – Mariinsky Palace built.
1848 – Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace expanded.
1850 – Blagoveshchensky Bridge built.
1851
- Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway begins operating.
- Nicholaevsky rail terminal opens.
1858 – Saint Isaac's Cathedral built.
1860 – Mariinsky Theatre opens.
1861 – Nicholas Palace built.
1862
- Saint Petersburg Conservatory founded.
- New Michael Palace built.
- November: Premiere of Verdi's opera La forza del destino.^[6]
1863 – Pavel Military School established.
1866
- Vestnik Evropy begins publication.
- Dostoyevsky's fictional Crime and Punishment published.
1867 – Khlebnikov founded.
1869 - Population: 667,926.^[7]^[3]
1870 – Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway constructed.
1874 – Premiere of Musorgsky's opera Boris Godunov.^[8]
1876 – School of Technical Drawing founded.
1877 – Ciniselli Circus opens.
1878 – Bestuzhev Courses and Stieglitz Museum established.
1879
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography established.
- Nobel Brothers Petroleum Company headquartered in city.
1881 - Population: 861,303.^[3]
1882 – Imperial Music Choir formed.^[9]
1888 - Ship canal completed. ^[3]
1890
- Saint Petersburg Prison for Solitary Confinement built.
- Population: 954,400.^[3]
1893 - Premiere of Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6.^[10]
1894 – Ves Peterburg directory begins publication.
1895 – Conversion of Mikhailovsky Palace into Russian Museum.^[3]
1897 - Population: 1,267,023.
1900
- Russian cruiser Aurora launched.
- Suvorov Museum founded.

20th century

1900s–1940s

1905
- January – Bloody Sunday.^[11]
- October – Saint Petersburg Soviet formed.
- Population: 1,429,000.^[3]
1907 – Electric trams begin operating.
1909 – Na Liteinom Theatre founded.
1910 – March: Soyuz Molodyozhi art exhibit held.^[12]
1913 – Population: 2,318,645.^[13]
1914 – City renamed "Petrograd."
1916
- Grigori Rasputin assassinated.
- Palace Bridge built.
1917
- February Revolution begins.^[14]
- March – Petrograd Soviet formed.
- July Days.
- August – Golos Truda begins publication.
- October Revolution.
1918
- State capital moves to Moscow from Petrograd.
- Osobaya Drammaticheskaya Truppa organized.
- Ioffe Institute established.
1920 – Theatrical re-enactment of Storming of the Winter Palace.
1921 – Art Culture Museum opens.
1922 – Leningrad Young People's Theatre opens.
1923 – Russian Museum of Ethnography opens.
1924 – City renamed Leningrad.
1928 – Circus museum opens.^{[citation needed]}
1929 – Young Theatre founded.
1931 – Komarov Botanical Institute and Leningrad Radio Orchestra established.
1932
- Shosseynaya Airport begins operating.
- Leningrad Union of Soviet Artists and St Petersburg Union of Composers founded.
- Bolshoy Dom built.
- Avrora Cinema active.^[15]
1934
- Sergey Kirov assassinated.
- Leningrad Secondary Art School established.
- Premiere of Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.
1936
- Arctic and Antarctic Museum opens.
- Memorial Lenin Komsomol Theatre established.
1938 – Museum of History and Development of Leningrad established.
1941
- Siege of Leningrad begins.
- Road of Life begins operating.
1942 – Russian Museum of Military Medicine founded.
1944
- Siege of Leningrad ends.
- State Puppet Theatre of Fairy Tales established.
1946 – Moskovsky Victory Park opens.
1949 – Leningrad Affair.

1950s–1990s

1953
- Pavlovsky District becomes part of city.
- Pushkin Museum established.
1954 – Levashovo, Pargolovo, and Pesochny become part of city.
1955 – Saint Petersburg Metro begins operating.
1962 – Saint Petersburg TV Tower constructed.
1963 – Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-124 Neva river ditching.
1965 – Population: 3,329,000 city; 3,641,000 urban agglomeration.^[16]
1967 – Museum of Electrical Transport established.
1971
- Dostoevsky Museum opens.
- Rimsky-Korsakov Museum established.
1974 – Na Fontanke Youth Theatre founded.
1981 – Leningrad Rock Club opens.
1984
- Teatralnaya laboratoriya founded.
- Sister city relationship established with Los Angeles, United States.^[17]
1985 – Population: 4,867,000.^[18]
1987
- Na Neve Theatre opens.
- Zazerkalie (theatre) opens.
1988 – Xenia of Saint Petersburg canonized.
1989
- Komedianty Theatre founded.
- Akhmatova Museum opens.
1990 – Ostrov Theatre opens.
1991
- City renamed Saint Petersburg.
- Flag design adopted.
- Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak becomes mayor.
1993 – Tunnel nightclub opens.^{[citation needed]}
1994
- Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg formed.
- St Petersburg Ballet Theatre founded.
1996 – Vladimir Anatolyevich Yakovlev becomes city governor.
1997 – Toy Museum established.
1998
- Politician Galina Starovoytova assassinated.
- Nabokov Museum opens.
2000 – City designated administrative center of Northwestern Federal District.

21st century

2000
- The 2000 IIHF Men's World Championships are held in Saint Petersburg.^[19]
2003
- Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Beglov becomes city governor, succeeded by Valentina Ivanovna Matvienko.
- Peter & Paul Jazz Festival begins.
- Museum of Optical Technologies opens.
- Saint Petersburg Children´s Hospice opens.
2004
- Big Obukhovsky Bridge opens.
- Sergey Kuryokhin Center for Modern Art established.
2005 – Gas incident.
2006 – 32nd G8 summit held.
2007 – Dissenters' March.^[20]
2008 – Side by Side (film festival) begins.
2009 – Gallery of Contemporary Sculpture and Plastic Arts opens.
2010
- Yota Space art festival begins.
- Erarta art museum established.
2011
- Georgy Sergeyevich Poltavchenko becomes city governor.
- Saint Petersburg Dam inaugurated.
- Saint Petersburg Ring Road opens.
- St. Petersburg International Legal Forum begins.
2013 – September: 2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit.
2017
- A bombing attack hits Saint Petersburg's metro.^[21]

References

^ Military-Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps. "History of museum". St. Petersburg. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
^ W. Pembroke Fetridge (1874), "St. Petersburg", Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East, New York: Harper & Brothers
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Britannica 1910.
^ "Leading Libraries of the World: Russia and Finland". American Library Annual. New York: R.R. Bowker Co. 1916. pp. 477–478.
^ Radio 3. "Opera Timeline". BBC. Retrieved March 30, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Roger Parker, ed. (2001). Oxford Illustrated History of Opera. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285445-2.
^ "Russia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1880. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590436.
^ "Timeline of opera", Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved March 30, 2015
^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
^ Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co.
^ Chris Cook; John Stevenson (2003). "Russian Revolution (chronology)". Longman Handbook of Twentieth Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89224-3.
^ Chris Michaelides, ed. (2007). "Chronology of the European Avant Garde, 1900─1937". Breaking the Rules: The Printed Face of the European Avant Garde 1900–1937. Online Exhibitions. British Library.
^ "Russia: Principal Towns: European Russia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.
^ "On This Day", New York Times, retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "Movie Theaters in St. Petersburg". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. Leningrad
^ "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". USA: City of Los Angeles. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "2000 IIHF Men's World Championship". teamusa.usahockey.com. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
^ "Russia Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 26 April 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
^ Times, The Moscow (2017-12-15). "Islamic State Suicide Bombing Foiled in St. Petersburg, FSB Says". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2023-05-14.

Bibliography

Published in 18th–19th centuries

Joseph Marshall (1773), "Petersburg", Travels through Holland, Flanders, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, the Ukraine & Poland in the years 1768, 1769, & 1770 (2nd ed.), London: Printed for J. Almon
William Coxe (1784), "Petersburgh", Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark, London: Printed by J. Nichols, for T. Cadell, OCLC 654136
Conrad Malte-Brun (1827), "Petersburg", Universal Geography, vol. 6, Edinburgh: Adam Black
Josiah Conder (1830), "St. Petersburgh", Russia, The Modern Traveller, vol. 17, London: J.Duncan
David Brewster, ed. (1832). "St. Petersburg". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Vol. 15. Philadelphia: Joseph and Edward Parker. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t0gt5vw9n.
Francis Coghlan (1834). Guide to St. Petersburgh and Moscow. London.
John Thomson (1845), "St. Petersburg", New Universal Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary, London: H.G. Bohn
"St. Petersburg". Hand-book for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 1868.
John Ramsay McCulloch (1880), "Petersburg", in Hugh G. Reid (ed.), A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Maturin Murray Ballou (1887), "(St. Petersburg)", Due North; or, Glimpses of Scandinavia and Russia, Boston: Ticknor and Company

Published in 20th century

Annette M.B. Meakin (1906). "St. Petersburg". Russia, Travels and Studies. London: Hurst and Blackett. OCLC 3664651.
Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1910). "St Petersburg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 38–40.
Benjamin Vincent (1910), "St. Petersburg", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
Ruth Kedzie Wood (1912), "The Capital", The Tourist's Russia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, OCLC 526774
Nevin O. Winter (1913). "The Capital". Russian Empire of To-day and Yesterday. Boston: L. C. Page.
"St. Petersburg", Russia, Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1914, OCLC 1328163
Francis Whiting Halsey, ed. (1914). "St. Petersburg". Russia, Scandinavia, and the Southeast. Seeing Europe with Famous Authors. Vol. 10. Funk & Wagnalls Company – via Hathi Trust.
Harold Whitmore Williams (1915), "In the Chief City", Russia of the Russians, New York: C. Scribner's Sons
James William Barnes Steveni (1916), Petrograd, Past and Present, Philadelphia: Lippincott, OCLC 2399981, OL 14034111M
Ian M. Matley (1981). "Defense Manufactures of St. Petersburg 1703–1730" (PDF). Geographical Review. 71 (4): 411–426. doi:10.2307/214506. JSTOR 214506. S2CID 155945755. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-13.
"Russia: St. Petersburg", Europe, Let's Go, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, p. 757+, OL 15158051W
"St Petersburg", Scandinavian & Baltic Europe (4th ed.), Lonely Planet, 1999, p. 438+, OL 8314793M
Olga Gritsai and Herman van der Wusten (2000). "Moscow and St. Petersburg, a sequence of capitals, a tale of two cities". GeoJournal. 51 (1/2): 33–45. doi:10.1023/A:1010849220006. JSTOR 41147495. S2CID 154264277.
Duncan Fallowell, One Hot Summer in St Petersburg (London, Jonathan Cape, 1994)

Published in 21st century

Julie A. Buckler. Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape. 2005
George E. Munro. The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great. Madison: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2008
Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen (2009). "Planning rationalities among practitioners in St. Petersburg, Russia: Soviet traditions and Western influences". In Jörg Knieling and Frank Othengrafen (ed.). Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-7565-5.
Paul Keenan. St Petersburg and the Russian Court, 1703–1761. 2013
Charles Emerson, 1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War (2013) compares it to 20 major world cities on the eve of World War I; pp 110–132.
Catriona Kelly. St Petersburg: Shadows of the Past. 2014
Steven Maddox. Saving Stalin's Imperial City: Historic Preservation in Leningrad. 2014

External links

59°57′N 30°18′E / 59.95°N 30.3°E / 59.95; 30.3

[1] Military-Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps. "History of museum". St. Petersburg. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2012.

[2] W. Pembroke Fetridge (1874), "St. Petersburg", Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East, New York: Harper & Brothers

[FOOTNOTEBritannica1910-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Britannica 1910.

[4] "Leading Libraries of the World: Russia and Finland". American Library Annual. New York: R.R. Bowker Co. 1916. pp. 477–478.

[bbc-opera-5] Radio 3. "Opera Timeline". BBC. Retrieved March 30, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[Parker2001-6] Roger Parker, ed. (2001). Oxford Illustrated History of Opera. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285445-2.

[7] "Russia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1880. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590436.

[OxfordOpera-8] "Timeline of opera", Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved March 30, 2015

[Lawson2003-19th-9] Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.

[Lowe1896-10] Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co.

[Cook2003-11] Chris Cook; John Stevenson (2003). "Russian Revolution (chronology)". Longman Handbook of Twentieth Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89224-3.

[michaelides2007-12] Chris Michaelides, ed. (2007). "Chronology of the European Avant Garde, 1900─1937". Breaking the Rules: The Printed Face of the European Avant Garde 1900–1937. Online Exhibitions. British Library.

[13] "Russia: Principal Towns: European Russia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.

[NYT-OnThisDay-14] "On This Day", New York Times, retrieved November 30, 2014

[CinemaTreasures-15] "Movie Theaters in St. Petersburg". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved September 6, 2013.

[16] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. Leningrad

[17] "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". USA: City of Los Angeles. Retrieved December 1, 2015.

[18] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[19] "2000 IIHF Men's World Championship". teamusa.usahockey.com. Retrieved 2023-05-14.

[bbc-timeline-20] "Russia Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 26 April 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2013.

[21] Times, The Moscow (2017-12-15). "Islamic State Suicide Bombing Foiled in St. Petersburg, FSB Says". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2023-05-14.

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v t e Years in Russia
Pre-1701
Russian Empire	1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916
Revolution and Civil War	1917 1918 1919 1920 1921
Soviet Union	1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Russian Federation	1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Timeline of Saint Petersburg

17th–18th centuries

19th century

20th century

1900s–1940s

1950s–1990s

21st century

See also

References

Bibliography

Published in 18th–19th centuries

Published in 20th century

Published in 21st century

External links

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Timeline of Saint Petersburg

17th–18th centuries

19th century

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1900s–1940s

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References

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