Territories of Majapahit

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The extent of Majapahit according to Nagarakretagama.

According to the Kakawin Nagarakretagama canto XIII and XIV, the following areas are recognized as conquered or subordinate to Majapahit (referred to as mañcanagara). The conquered states in Java were not mentioned because they were still considered part of the royal "mandala".

The names below are based on manuscript sources, both from Majapahit and Malay manuscripts as well as Chinese sources, but little physical evidence remains of an area's recognition of state power.

Included were the kingdoms of Sunda and Madura, because Majapahit claimed the whole of Java.[1][2][3] Sunda kingdom became a nominal vassal of Majapahit after the battle of Bubat of 1357.[4]

Nagakretagama transcription

Canto 6

Stanza 4

3. Sakweh śri yawa raja sapada madudwan nagaratunggalan (All Javanese kings were guests, they were from different countries but)
4. ekhasthana ri wilwatikta mangisapwi sang narendradipa. (unite to Wilwatikta to support the great king)

Canto 42

Stanza 2

4. Ndatan lingen i sunda len madhura pan satanah i yawa bhakti tan salah (Not mentioned were Sunda and Madhura because they are Javanese and devoted, it's not wrong)

Canto 13

Stanza 1

  1. Lwir ning nusa pranusa pramuka sakahawat ksoni ri Malayu
  2. nang Jambi mwang Palembang karitang i Teba len Dharmmaśraya tumut,
  3. Kandis Kahwas Manangkabwa ri Siyak i Rekan Kampar mwang i Pane,
  4. Kampe Harw athawe Mandahiling i Tumihang Parllak mwang i Barat

Stanza 2

  1. Hi lwas lawan Samudra mwang i Lamuri Batan Lampung mwang i Barus
  2. yekadinyang watek bhumi Malayu satanah kapwamateh anut,
  3. len tekang nusa Tanjung Nagara ri Kapuhas lawan ri Katingan,
  4. Sampit mwang Kutalingga mwang i Kutawaringin Sambas mwang i Lawai

Canto 14

Stanza 1

  1. Kadangdangan i Landa len ri Samedhang Tirem tan kasah,
  2. ri Sedu Buruneng ri Kalka Saludhung ri Solot Pasir,
  3. Baritw i Sawaku muwah ri Tabalung ri Tunjung Kute,
  4. Lawan ri Malano makapramuka tang ri Tanjungpura.

Stanza 2

  1. Ikang sakahawan Pahang pramuka tang Hujung Medini,
  2. ri Lengkasuka len ri Saimwang i Kalanten i Tringgano,
  3. Naśor Pakamuwar Dhungun ri Tumasik ri Sanghyang Hujung,
  4. Kelang Keda Jere ri Kanjap i niran sanusapupul

Stanza 3

  1. Sawetan ikanang tanah Jawa muwah ya warnnanen,
  2. ri Bali makamukya tang Badahulu mwang Lwagajah,
  3. Gurun makamukha Sukun ri Taliwang ri Dompo Sapi,
  4. ri Sanghyang Api Bhima Sheran i Hutan Kadaly apupul

Stanza 4

  1. Muwah tang i Gurun sanusa mangaram ri Lombok Mirah,
  2. lawan tikang i Saksak adinikalun kahajyan kabeh,
  3. muwah tanah i Bantayan pramuka Bantayan len Luwuk,
  4. tekeng Uda Makatrayadhi nikanang sanusapupul.

Stanza 5

  1. Ikang saka sanusa Makhasar Butung Banggawi,
  2. Kunir Ggaliyau mwang i(ng) Salaya Sumba Solot Muar,
  3. muwah tikang i Wandan Ambwan athawa Maloko Wwanin,
  4. ri Seran i Timur makadining angeka nusatutur.

In this list also given the modern name of a place if it has been agreed by historians.

Interpretation

Sumatra

Sumatra is referred to in Negarakretagama as "Malayu"

Name Interpretation
Jambi Jambi
Palembang Palembang
Karitang 1. Keritang Kingdom (now Keritang District, Keritang, Indragiri Hilir)

2. Karitang, South Indragiri

3. Karitang in the south of Jambi3

Teba 1. Muaro Tebo, Jambi

2. Headwaters of Jambi2

3. Tebo in the south of Dharmasraya3

Dharmashraya 1. Darmasraya Kingdom

2. The island of Punjung, Siguntur, upstream of the Batanghari river2

3. Dharmasraya in the west of Jambi3

Kandis 1. Kandis Kingdom

2. Kandis, a tributary of the Kwantan, near Koto Tua2

3. Kandi, vassal area of Lubuk Jantan, on the Sinamar river2

4. Kandis north of Dharmasraya3

Kahwas 1. Kahwas

2. Kawai, between Kandi and Tanjung1

3. Kawas in the west of Minangkabau2

Manangkabwa Minangkabau, pre-Pagaruyung period society
Siyak Siak Regency, the pre-sultanate community of Siak
Rekan Rokan (Rokan Hilir-Rokan Hulu)
Kampar Kampar
Pane 1. Panai

2. Pane3

Kampe 1. Kampai Island, now an island in Langkat Regency

2. Kompe1

3. Kampei, one of 4 tribes in Petapahan on the Tapung Kiri river upstream of Siak: Peliang, Ceniaga, Kampai, and Domo/Muara Takus2

4. Kampe3

Haru 1. (H)aru Kingdom, centered in Deli Tua, Deli Serdang Regency now

2. Haru area around Kalue in Aceh1

3. Aru, the east coast of Sumatra2

4. Haru, the area north of the Asahan river3

Mandahiling 1. Mandailing

2. Mandahiling3

Tumihang Aceh Tamiang
Parlak 1. Peureulak

2. Parllah1

3. Perlak2

4. Parllak3

Barat 1. Darat1

2. Aceh's west coast2

3. Barat3

Lwas 1. Padang Lawas

2. Lawas1

3. Padang Lawas or Gayu Luas2

Samudra 1. Sultanate of Samudera Pasai

2. Samudra near Lhokseumawe, Aceh123

Lamuri 1. Lambri (Lamuri) Kingdom, the center is now a village in Aceh Besar District

2. Lamuri in Aceh Besar123

Batan 1. Bintan Island

2. Batam2

Lampung Lampung123
Barus Barus, Central Tapanuli (or Pancur, sub-district in present-day Central Tapanuli Regency)123

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [5]
3 See [6]

Borneo

Borneo is referred to as "Nusa Tanjung Nagara" and/or "Tanjungpuri"

Name Interpretation
Kapuhas 1. Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan

2. Kapuas area east of the Landak in West Kalimantan1

3. Kapuas area in Kapuas district in Central Kalimantan3

Katingan 1. Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan

2. Katingan, Mendawei river, in Sampit2

Sampit Sampit (now the capital city of East Kotawaringin Regency)
Kutalingga 1. Kuta Lingga (means city of phallus, site of Candi Laras?/Negara Dipa Kingdom)

2. Kutalingga the area around the Sarawak peninsula1

3. Lingga, where the Lingga and Batang Lumpur rivers meet, Sarawak.2

Kutawaringin Kuta Waringin (means banyan city, pre-Kotawaringin Kingdom society, now West Kotawaringin Regency)
Sambas Sambas (Old Sambas Kingdom, now Sambas Regency)
Lawai 1. Lawai (Kapuas River in West Kalimantan)

2. Muara Labai, muara in the river of Labai2

3. Muara Labai in Central Kalimantan3

Kadhangdhangan 1. Kadandangan (now Kendawangan sub-district, Ketapang)

2. Kedangdangan1

3. Kadangdangan3

Landa Landak Kingdom, now Landak District
Samedhang 1. Samadang (Semandang, the area of Tanjungpura Kingdom)

2. Samedang in Simpang3

Tirem 1. Tirem (Tirun/Tidung Kingdom, now Tarakan city?)

2. Tirem1

3. Paniraman on the Kapuas Kecil river2

4. Tidung2

Sedu 1. Sedu (in Sarawak)

2. Sadong in Sarawak or Sedua in Langgau or Siduh in Matan12

Buruneng Barune (now the country of Brunei)
Kalka 1. Sungai Kaluka or Krian in the south of Sarawak[7]

2. Kalka, one of the 5 provinces outside Brunei according to the Salsilah Raja Brunei: Kalakah, Seribas, Sadong, Semerahan and Sarawak12

3. Kalakah, the city of Calaca was a major trading port south of the capital (Brunei) and the center of the country of Sedang2

Saludhung 1. Saludung (Maynila Kingdom), now Manila City, Philippines

2. Saludung1

3. Teluk Maludu2

4. Sadong2

5. Maludu3

Solot 1. Solot (the kingdom of the Buranun tribe, the indigenous people who inhabit the mountains in the Sulu Archipelago, the forerunner of the Suluk tribe / Sulu Sultanate)

2. Solok or Sulu123

Pasir Pasir (pre-Sultanate of Pasir, now Paser Regency)
Baritw 1. Barito (now North Barito Regency)

2. Baritu123

Sawaku 1. Sawaku (or Sawakung in Berau or Pulau Sebuku sub-district, Kotabaru)

2. Sebuku Island12

Tabalung 1. Tabalung (now Tabalong Regency with its city Tanjungpuri on the banks of the Tabalong river, the first capital of the Banjar sultanate in the Hindu era)

2. Tabalong in Amuntai2

Tunjung Kute 1. Tanjung Kutei (Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate whose capital city is Kutai Lama)

2. Kutai2

Malano 1. Malano ("in Nusa Tanjungpura", the Melanau people of Sarawak and West Kalimantan)

2. Milanau2

3. Balinean, east of the mouth of the Rejang river in Sarawak or Malanau in northwest Kalimantan2

4. Milano east of the Rejang river in Sarawak, Balineo3

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [8]
3 See [9]

Malayan peninsula

In Nagarakretagama it is called "Hujung Medini", which refers to the Malay Peninsula (according to M. Yamin) or Johor (according to Pigeaud).[10]

Name Interpretation
Pahang 1. Pahang, state of Pahang, Malaysia

2. Malaya2

Hujung Medini 1. Johor2

2. Malay Peninsula3

Lengkasuka 1. Langkasuka

2. On the Lengkawi islands across from Kedah2

3. Langkasuka-Patani2

Saimwang 1. Semang people's country2

2. Semong in Negeri Sembilan2

3. Sai, Saiburi2

Kalanten Kelantan
Tringgano Terengganu
Nasor 1. Nisor north of Sai, Patani2

2. Nasor3

Paka Paka, now it's just a fishing village
Muar 1. Muar, now the district in Johor

2. Muar, Peken Muar2

Dhungun 1. Dungun, now it is a fishing village in Terengganu

2. Tanjung Utara in Kemaman

Tumasik Tumasik, now the country of Singapura
Sanghyang Hujung 1. Ujung Salang (junkceylon) in Phuket2

2. Sening Ujung, between Malacca and Selangor2

Kelang Klang, (Selangor)
Kedha 1. Kedah

2. Kataha1

3. Keda3

Jere 1. Jerai

2. Jerai, Kedah mountains2

3. Jering near Patani2

4. Jere3

Kanjap 1. Kanjab in the Riau-Lingga islands2

2. Kanjap3

Niran Karimun, Karimun Besar Island/Nuwi

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [11]
3 See [12]

Regions in the east of Java

Name Interpretation
Bali Bali
Badahulu Bedahulu Kingdom
Lwagajah 1. Lo Gajah

2. Lwa-gajah in Bangli2

Gurun Nusa Penida3
Sukun Sukun on the island of Nusa Penida
Taliwang Taliwang (in Sumbawa Island)123
Dompo 1. Dompo (Dompu Kingdom)

2. Dompo in Sumbawa1

Sapi 1. Sapi Island

2. Sapi in Sumbawa2

Sanghyang Api 1. Sang Hyang Api (Pulau Sangeang)

2. Gunung Api or Sangeang12

Bhima Bima Island12
Sheran Seram Island12
Hutan Kadali Hutan Kendali (Buru Island)12
Gurun 1. Gurun Island

2. Gorong Islands12

3. Eucalyptus forest: Buru and Sula Islands2

Lombok Mirah 1. Lombok Merah

2. Lombok Barat2

3. Lombok3

Saksak 1. Sasak (said to be "completely ruled")

2. Saksak, East Lombok1

3. Lombok Valley2

Bantayan 1. Bantayan (Bantaeng ?)

2. Bantayan13

3. Bontain2

Luwuk Luwu (Luwu Kingdom)
Uda Makatraya 1. Udamakatraya and other islands

2. Uda: Talaud Islands, Uda makatraya: the three main islands of the Talaud archipelago2

3. Davao in Mindanao, Filipina3

Makhasar Makassar
Butun Buton
Banggawi Banggawi Island (Banggai Islands)
Kunir 1. Kunir Island1

2. Kunyit Island, south of Laut Island

Galiyau 1. Galian

2. Galiyao3

3. Kangean or Lomblem23

Salaya 1. Salayar (Selayar Island)

2. Saleier1

Sumba Sumba Island
Solot 1. Solor Island

2. Solot1

Muar 1. Muar12

2. Muar, Kei Islands; or Honimoa, Saparua2

Wandan 1. Banda Islands

2. Wandan1

Ambwan Ambon or Maluku Island
Maloko Ternate city or Maluku islands
Wwanin 1. Wanin, Onin Peninsula part of Bomberai Peninsula, in Fakfak

2. Kwanin1

3. Onin, West Papua, MacCleur bay (now Berau bay)2

Seran 1. Kowiai or Sran in Kaimana2

2. Marege in northern Australia3

Timur Timor and several other islands

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [13]
3 See [14]

Overseas region

Foreign or overseas territories are mentioned in Nagarakretagama canto 15 stanza 1. In addition, in canto 83 stanza 4 and 93 stanza 1 are mentioned the places that became the origin of merchants and scholars.[15]

Name Interpretation Relation
Syangka Siam1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Ayodyapura Ayutthaya1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Dharmmanagari Dharmarajanagara: Ligor, Lakkan1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Marutma 1. Martaban1

2. Mergui1

Kachaya (protectorate)
Rajapura1 Rajpuri in the south of Siam1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Singhanagari1 Singhapuri on the branch of the river Menam, Singhapura, that was mentioned in the Cham inscription1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Campa Champa1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Kamboja Cambodia1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Yawana 1. Annam1

2. Arab2

Mitreka satata (permanent ally/equal friend)
Jambudwipa India Sumiwi (subserve)
Cina China Sumiwi (subserve)
Karnataka South India Sumiwi (subserve)
Goda Gauḍa or Gaur3, in East India1 Sumiwi (subserve)

Notes:
1 See [16]
2 See [17]
3 See [18]

According to Irawan Djoko Nugroho, the area in the table above from Syangka to Cambodia is called Desantara. Its etymological meaning is "all directions, all space, other regions, other countries". The relationship between Majapahit and Desantara is called kachaya, which means "to be exposed to light". It is interpreted as protected or sheltered. The term "protected area" in the modern state system is referred to as a protectorate.[19][20]

What is different is Yawana, as mentioned anyat i yawana mitreka satata (different is Yawana who is a permanent ally).[21][22] Kern and Pigeaud consider Yawana to be Annam, but they noted that Yawana is the Sanskrit term for Greek (Ionian), which the Indians used to refer to barbarians. Kern notes that the Indians referred to Muslims as Yawana. According to Pigeaud, it is somewhat improbable that Yawana refers to the Muslim. He considered Yawana to be Annam, because at that time the kings of Annam were very powerful and it was very strange to ask Java for protection.[15] Nugroho rejected this opinion, because Nagarakretagama was created in 1365, and Champa's power surpassed Annam (which at that time referred to Dai Viet). Majapahit who defeated the Mongols could not have a weak permanent ally. In addition, Annam in Old Javanese language has its own name, namely Koci (now called Cochinchina to distinguish it from Kochi in India). Koci comes from the Chinese Jiāozhǐ, in Cantonese Kawci, and is called Giao Chỉ in Vietnamese. Therefore, Yawana is more accurately interpreted as Arabs.[23][24][25]

According to Nugroho, the regions of Jambudwipa, China, Karnataka, and Goda are collectively called Dwipantara. This area is said to have received the favor of the king, so it is natural for them to pay tribute. The kindness done by Majapahit to Dwipantara has a background from Java's war with the Mongols. The Mongols tried to control Asian sea trade, and Java (Singhasari at that time) responded with a blockade of Southeast Asian trade against the Mongols. The Dwipantara area came to face Majapahit led by their priests. In canto 93.1 the priests compose a hymn of praise to the Maharaja of Majapahit. The relationship between Dwipantara to Majapahit is sumiwi (serving).[26] Ambassadors from India and China came with merchants and played a role in stabilizing political and economic relations.[27]

According to other accounts

Jayanegara II inscription

The Tuhañaru/Jayanagara II inscription, dating from 1245 Saka/1323 AD, records the annexation of territories outside Java:

... like the moon that opens the tunjung-jantung flower from the village of all good people; which destroys all enemies; like the sun that dispels darkness at night, which is delighted by Wipra and Satria, who are happy to be able to uphold the name of the king's coronation, it reads: Iswara Sundarapandyadewa, ...

According to H.B. Sarkar, the title of the king of Jayanegara indicates that Majapahit held high power (suzerainty) over the king of Pandya in South India.[28]

Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai

Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai recorded many territories of Majapahit:[29]

Name Interpretation
Pasai Pasai
Tembelan Tembelan area (?)
Siontan Siontan island
Jemaja Jemaja area (?)
Bunguran Bunguran area (?)
Serasan Serasan area (?)
Subi Cebu island in the Philippines
Pulau Laut Laut island
Tioman Tioman island
Pulau Tinggi Tinggi island (?)
Pemanggil Krimat Pemanggil Krimat area (?)
Belitang Belitung island
Bangka Bangka island
Lingga Lingga area
Riau Riau
Bintan Bintan island
Bulong Buton island
Sambas Sambas
Mempauh Mempauh area in Borneo
Sukadana Sukadana area
Kota Waringin Kotawaringin
Banjar Masin Banjarmasin
Pasir Pasir area (?)
Kotai Kutai
Berau Berau area in Borneo
Jambi Jambi
Palembang Palembang
Ujung Tanah Malacca area in Malaya
Banda Banda island
Bima Bima island
Sembawa Sumbawa island
Silamprang Silamprang island (?)
Asiran Asiran island (?)
K.r.tok K.r.tok island (?)
Bali Bali
Balembangan Blambangan in East Java

Kidung Sunda

Based on the Kidung Sunda canto 1 stanza 54b and 65a, Majapahit territories includes Palembang, Tumasik (Singapore), Sampit, Madura, Bali, Koci (Cochinchina, Vietnam), Wandan (Banda, Central Maluku), Tanjungpura (Kalimantan) and Sawakung (Sebuku Island).[30]: 20, 23 [31]

Kidung Harsa-Wijaya

Kidung Harsa Wijaya notes that the territories of Majapahit outside Java include Bali, Tatar, Tumasik, Sampi, Gurun, Wandan, Tanjung-pura, Dompo, Palembang, Makassar, and Koci.[32]

Calon Arang manuscripts

The story of Calon Arang is mentioned in several manuscripts, originally written during the classical Java era (before the fall of Majapahit in 1527). The manuscripts mentioned Malacca, a sultanate existing between 1400 to 1511. Surviving manuscripts are mostly found in Bali with dates after 1500 CE. Territories mentioned are:[33][34]

Name Interpretation
Melayu Melayu kingdom
Palembang Palembang
Jambi Jambi
Bengkulu Bengkulu
Malaka Malacca
Singapura Singapura
Patani Patani
Pahang Pahang
Siyem

Siam

Siam
Cempa

Campa

Champa or a place in Cambodia
Cina China
Koci A place in Vietnam
Keling

Banakeling

India
Tartar

Tatar

Mongol (?)
Pego

Pegu

Pegu, a place in Burma
Kedah Kedah
Kutawaringin Kotawaringin
Kute Kutai
Bangka Bangka
Sunda Sunda
Madura Madura
Pedie Pidie, Aceh
Kangayan

Kangean

Kangean island
Makassar Makassar
Seran Seram island in Maluku
Goran

Goram

Gorong archipelago, Maluku
Pandan

Wandan

Wandan or Pandan island
Peleke A place in Sulawesi (?)
Moloko

Maluku

Maluku
Bolo Bulu Polo'e island, South Sulawesi

Bolo, refers to several places in the Philippines

Dompo Dompu
Bima Bima
Banda Banda
Timur Timor
Sasak Lombok
Sambawa

Sumbawa

Sumbawa

Suma Oriental

The book Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires written in 1515 records that Java (Majapahit) ruled as far as the Moluccas on the east side and most of the west side of the archipelago; and almost the whole island of Sumatra was under its control and it also controlled all the islands known to the Javanese. Majapahit ruled over these for a long time until about a hundred years earlier, when its power began to wane until it became similar to that during the year of Pires' visit to Java (March–June 1513).[35]: 174 

Sulalatus Salatin

Based on Sulalatus Salatin (Malay Annals) the Majapahit territories include:

  • Indragiri in Sumatra and Siantan (now Pontianak on the west coast of Kalimantan), which according to Sulalatus Salatin, were given as wedding gifts to the Sultanate of Malacca for the marriage of the sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca to the princess of Majapahit. Sultan Mansur Shah ruled in 1459–1477, so that in 1447 it meant that Indragiri and Siantan were still under Majapahit rule.
  • Jambi and Palembang, which only began to escape from Majapahit's grip when it was taken over by the Demak Sultanate during its war against Majapahit ruled by Ranawijaya.[35]: 154–155 
  • And Bali which was the last refugee area for nobles, artists, priests and Hindus in Java when Majapahit conquered by Demak.

Hikayat Banjar

The territories of Majapahit recorded by Hikayat Banjar are: Java, Bantan (Banten), Palembang, Mangkasar (Makassar), Pahang, Patani, Bali, Pasai, Champa, Maningkabau (Minangkabau),[36][37][38] Jambi, Bugis (the area of Bugis people), Johor, and Acih (Aceh).[39][40]

References

  1. ^ Riana, I Ketut (2009). Nagara Krtagama. Penerbit Buku Kompas. p. 215. ISBN 978-9797094331.ISBN 978-979-709-433-1
  2. ^ Pigeaud 1962, p. 48.
  3. ^ Nugroho 2011, p. 170.
  4. ^ Hall 1981, p. 100.
  5. ^ Pigeaud 1962, p. 30-31.
  6. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 105-107.
  7. ^ Sarawak Museum (1963). "The Sarawak Museum journal". 11. Sarawak Museum: 652. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Pigeaud 1962, p. 31-32.
  9. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 108-110.
  10. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 110.
  11. ^ Pigeaud 1962, p. 32-33.
  12. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 110-112.
  13. ^ Pigeaud 1962, p. 33-34.
  14. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 112-116.
  15. ^ a b Pigeaud 1962, p. 35.
  16. ^ Pigeaud 1962, p. 35-36.
  17. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 117.
  18. ^ Pigeaud 1960, p. 98.
  19. ^ Prapanca 2018, p. 60.
  20. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 234-235.
  21. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 234.
  22. ^ Nugroho 2011, p. 37, 141.
  23. ^ Nugroho 2011, p. 141-142.
  24. ^ Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce. Vol 2: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. p211n.
  25. ^ Gordon, Alijah (2001). The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago. Malaysian Sociological Research Institute. p. 316. ISBN 9789839986624.
  26. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 237-238.
  27. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 243.
  28. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 142.
  29. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 128-129.
  30. ^ Berg, C.C. (1927). Kidung Sunda. Inleiding, tekst, vertaling en aanteekeningen. BKI 83: 1 – 161.
  31. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 136-138.
  32. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 152.
  33. ^ Nugroho 2011, p. 36-37.
  34. ^ Suyami; Sumarno. Refleksi Nilai Budaya Jawa dalam Serat Calon Arang versi R. Wiradat. Yogyakarta: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya. pp. 1–3, 66–67.
  35. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Cortesão, Armando (1944). The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume I. London: The Hakluyt Society. ISBN 9784000085052.
  36. ^ Ras 1968, p. 1047.
  37. ^ Nugroho 2009, p. 140.
  38. ^ In Malay: Maka raja Majapahit itu bartambah-tambah kabasarannya, banyak raja-raja yang takluk kapadanya itu: sakaliannya orang tanah Jawa dan Bantan, Jambi, Palembang, Mangkasar, Pahang, Patani dan Bali dan Pasai dan Campa, sampai kapada orang tanah Maningkabau tatkala pada zaman itu sama takluk pada raja Majapahit ...
  39. ^ Ras 1968, p. 3119.
  40. ^ In Malay: Tunggul Amatung mangkubuminya Patih Gajah Mada itu, sakaliannya orang besar-besar di tanah Jawa itu sama takluk pada raja Tunggul Amatung itu. Bantan, Jambi, Palembang, Bugis, Mangkasar, Johor, Patani, Pahang, Campa, Maningkabau, Acih, Pasai, sakaliannya nagri itu sama takluk pada raja Tunggul Amatung itu.

Bibliography

  • Hall, D.G.E. (1981), A History of South-East Asia (4th ed.), London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, ISBN 978-1-349-16521-6
  • Muljana, Raden Benedictus Slamet (2005), Al-Fayyadl, Muhammad (ed.), Menuju Puncak Kemegahan: Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit, Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara
  • Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2009), Meluruskan Sejarah Majapahit, Ragam Media
  • Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011), Majapahit Peradaban Maritim, Suluh Nuswantara Bakti, ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8
  • Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960a), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume I: Javanese Texts in Transcription (3rd (revised) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff
  • Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960b), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume II: Notes on the Texts and the Translations (3rd (revised) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-011-8774-9
  • Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1960c), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume III: Translations (3rd (revised) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-011-8772-5
  • Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1962), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume IV: Commentaries and Recapitulations (3rd (revised) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-017-7133-7
  • Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas (1963), Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume V: Glossary, General Index (3rd (revised) ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ISBN 978-94-011-8778-7
  • Prapanca, Mpu (2018), Isidora (ed.), Kakawin Nagarakertagama: Teks Asli dan Terjemahan, translated by Saktiani, Damaika; Widya, Kartika; Aminullah, Zakaria Pamuji; Marginingrum, Novi; Septi, Neda (2nd (revised) ed.), Yogyakarta: Narasi, ISBN 978-979-168-553-5
  • Ras, Johannes Jacobus (1968), Hikajat Bandjar: A Study in Malay Historiography, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff
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