Symbiotaphrina
| Symbiotaphrina | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Xylonomycetes |
| Order: | Symbiotaphrinales |
| Family: | Symbiotaphrinaceae |
| Genus: | Symbiotaphrina Kühlw. & Jurzitza ex W.Gams & Arx (1980) |
| Type species | |
| Symbiotaphrina buchneri Gräbner ex W.Gams & Arx (1980)
| |
Symbiotaphrina is a genus including seven species of fungi in the monotypic family Symbiotaphrinaceae Baral & E. Weber and the monotypic order Symbiotaphrinales Baral & E. Weber.[1]
The family and order were published in 2018 to contain the genus.[2]
Taxonomy
Sexual states of Symbiotaphrina species (formerly included in the discomycete genus Tromeropsis) are black disk-shaped apothecia with multi-spored asci, and one-celled, unpigmented ascospores. The apothecia can be revived for several years after they have been dry.[2]
The asexual states of Symbiotraphrina species are yeast-like endosymbionts of Anobiid beetles (e.g. the cigarette beetle Lasioderma and the related Stegobium). The ellipsoidal yeast cells have monopolar budding.[3] A few species also have mycelial asexual states with conidium-producing pores ("phialides") in somatic hyphae.[2]
Ecology and physiology
Symbiotaphrina species can be found on dry, decayed wood. A few live in Anobiid beetles in a specialized structure (a "mycetome") between the fore- and mid-gut. Cells are transmitted between host generations when adults rub them onto egg surfaces eaten by hatched larvae. These fungi assist beetles with B-vitamin biosynthesis, fatty acid and sterol metabolism, and break down flavonoids and other toxins.[4]
Symbiotic Symbiotaphrina species can be isolated in axenic culture by aseptically dissecting beetle guts, spreading them onto agar, with incubation at 26 °C (79 °F).[5]
Species
As accepted by Species Fungorum;[6]
- Symbiotaphrina buchneri Gräbner ex W.Gams & Arx (1980)
- Symbiotaphrina desertorum Baral, G.Marson, E.Weber & Quijada (2017)
- Symbiotaphrina kochii Jurzitza ex W.Gams & Arx (1980)
- Symbiotaphrina larreae Baral, G.Marson & E. Weber (2017)
- Symbiotaphrina lignicola (L.J.Hutchison, Sigler & Y.Hirats.) E.Weber & Baral (2017)
- Symbiotaphrina microtheca (P.Karst.) Baral, E.Weber & G.Marson (2017)
- Symbiotaphrina sanguinea (C.Ramírez) Baral & E.Weber (2017)
References
- ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378.
- ^ a b c Baral, H.O.; Weber, E.; Marson, G.; Quijada, L. (2018). "A new connection between wood saprobism and beetle endosymbiosis: the rarely reported saprobic discomycete Tromeropsis is congeneric with the symbiotic yeast Symbiotaphrina (Symbiotaphrinales, Xylonomycetes) and two asexual morphs misplaced in Hyphozyma". Mycological Progress. 17 (1): 215–254.
- ^ Jurzitza, G. (1964). "Studien an der symbiose der anobiiden". Archiv für Mikrobiologie (in German). 49 (4): 331–340.
- ^ Shen, S.K.; Dowd, P.F. (1991). "Detoxification spectrum of the cigarette beetle symbiont Symbiotaphrina kochii in culture". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 60 (1): 331–340.
- ^ Noda, H.; Kodama, K. (1996). "Phylogenetic position of yeastlike endosymbionts of anobiid beetles". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 (1): 162–167.
- ^ "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Symbiotaphrina". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 7 September 2023.