Scutiger (frog)
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| Scutiger | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scutiger boulengeri | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Megophryidae |
| Genus: | Scutiger Theobald, 1868 |
| Type species | |
| Bombinator sikimmensis Blyth, 1855
| |
Scutiger is a genus of toads in the family Megophryidae. Common name lazy toads has been coined for them. They occur in China, Burma, Nepal, and northern India in high-altitude habitats.[2] Most are endemic to China.[3]
Evolution
A 2017 molecular phylogenetic study found that Scutiger originated in Paleo-Tibet during the Oligocene.[1]
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Scutiger:[2][4]
- Scutiger adungensis Dubois, 1979 – Adung lazy toad
- Scutiger bhutanensis Delorme and Dubois, 2001
- Scutiger boulengeri (Bedriaga, 1898) – Boulenger's lazy toad, Xizang alpine toad, Himalayan stream frog
- Scutiger brevipes (Liu, 1950)
- Scutiger chintingensis Liu and Hu, 1960 – Chinting lazy toad, Chinting alpine toad
- Scutiger ghunsa Khatiwada, Shu, Subedi, Wang, Ohler, Cannatella, Xie, and Jiang, 2019 – Ghunsa high altitude toad
- Scutiger glandulatus (Liu, 1950) – Hopachai lazy toad, chest gland cat-eyed toad
- Scutiger gongshanensis Yang and Su, 1979 – Gongshan lazy toad, Gongshan cat-eyed toad
- Scutiger jiulongensis Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 1995 – Jiulong cat-eyed toad
- Scutiger liupanensis Huang, 1985 – Liupan lazy toad, Liupan alpine toad
- Scutiger maculatus (Liu, 1950) – spotted lazy toad, piebald alpine toad
- Scutiger mammatus (Günther, 1896) – Tungsolo lazy toad
- Scutiger muliensis Fei and Ye, 1986 – Muli cat-eyed toad
- Scutiger nepalensis Dubois, 1974 – Nepal lazy toad, mountain pelobatid toad, Asiatic spadefoot toad
- Scutiger ningshanensis Fang, 1985 – Ningshan lazy toad, Ningshan alpine toad
- Scutiger nyingchiensis Fei, 1977 – Nyingchi lazy toad, Ladakh pelobatid toad, Nyingshi alpine toad
- Scutiger occidentalis Dubois, 1978 – Ladakh high altitude toad
- Scutiger pingwuensis Liu and Tian, 1978 – Pingwu lazy toad, Pingwu alpine toad
- Scutiger sikimmensis (Blyth, 1855) – Sikkim lazy toad, Sikkim high altitude toad, Blyth's short-limbed frog
- Scutiger spinosus Jiang, Wang, Li, and Che, 2016 – spiny lazy toad
- Scutiger tengchongensis Yang & Huang, 2019[5][6]
- Scutiger tuberculatus Liu and Fei, 1979 – bumpy lazy toad, round-tubercled cat-eyed toad
- Scutiger wanglangensis Ye and Fei, 2007 – Wanglang alpine toad
- Scutiger wuguanfui Jiang, Rao, Yuan, Wang, Li, Hou, Che, and Che, 2012[3] – Wu's lazy toad, Medog lazy toad
Endemic ranges
Many Scutiger species are endemic to highly restricted geographical areas in the Eastern Himalayas. The ranges often overlap with those of Oreolalax species.
- Ningxia, China
- Shaanxi, China
- Sichuan, China
- Scutiger brevipes: Dawu County, Sichuan
- Scutiger chintingensis: Mount Emei area, Sichuan
- Scutiger jiulongensis: Jiulong County, Sichuan
- Scutiger maculatus: Garze, Sichuan and Jiangda, Tibet
- Scutiger muliensis: Muli County, Sichuan
- Scutiger pingwuensis: Pingwu County, Sichuan
- Scutiger wanglangensis: Sichuan
- Yunnan, China
- Tibet
- Bhutan
- Sikkim, India
- Scutiger sikimmensis: Sikkim, India
References
- ^ a b Hofmann, Sylvia; Stöck, Matthias; Zheng, Yuchi; Ficetola, Francesco G.; Li, Jia-Tang; Scheidt, Ulrich; Schmidt, Joachim (12 June 2017). "Molecular Phylogenies indicate a Paleo-Tibetan Origin of Himalayan Lazy Toads ( Scutiger )". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 3308. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.3308H. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03395-4. PMC 5468327. PMID 28607415.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Scutiger Theobald, 1868". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ a b Jiang, Ke; Rao, Dingqi; Yuan, Siqi; Wang, Jishan; Li, Pipeng; Hou, Mian; Che, Maihe; Che, Jing (13 July 2012). "A new species of the genus Scutiger (Anura: Megophryidae) from southeastern Tibet, China". Zootaxa. 3388 (1): 29–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3388.1.3.
- ^ "A New Species of Scutiger (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Mountain Range, China". Novataxa. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ Yang, Jian-Huan; Huang, Xiang-Yuan (18 January 2019). "A New Species of Scutiger (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Mountain Range, China". Copeia. 107 (1): 10. doi:10.1643/CH-17-661. S2CID 92290325.
- ^ Scutiger tengchongensis.
Further reading
- Fu, J., et al. (1997). Phylogeny of genus Scutiger (Amphibia: Megophryidae): a re-evaluation. Asiatic Herpetol. Res 7, 32–37.
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