Sapphire-bellied hummingbird

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Sapphire-bellied hummingbird
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Chrysuronia
Species:
C. lilliae
Binomial name
Chrysuronia lilliae
(Stone, 1917)
Synonyms
  • Lepidopyga lilliae[3]
  • Amazilia lilliae[4]

The sapphire-bellied hummingbird (Chrysuronia lilliae) is an Endangered species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is endemic to Colombia.[5][4][1]

Taxonomy and systematics

The sapphire-bellied hummingbird was formerly placed in the genera Lepidopyga and Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that both genera were polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the sapphire-bellied hummingbird was moved by most taxonomic systems to Chrysuronia.[6][7][5][8][9] However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains it in Amazilia.[4] At times the species has been treated as a subspecies of the sapphire-throated hummingbird (C. coeruleogularis).[8]

The sapphire-bellied hummingbird is monotypic.[5]

Description

The sapphire-bellied hummingbird is 8.9 to 9.4 cm (3.5 to 3.7 in) long. Males weigh about 4.3 g (0.15 oz). Males' bills have a black maxilla and a black-tipped pinkish mandible. They have a shining green crown, back, and rump and their tail is forked and blue-black. They have a glittering purple gorget and the rest of their underparts are glittering blue. The female's weight has not been documented nor its plumage described, though the latter is thought to be similar to the male's but grayer on the underparts.[10][11]

Distribution and habitat

The sapphire-bellied hummingbird is found only in the mangroves of Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, a coastal wetland in northern Colombia, and in immediately adjoining arid scrublands.[10]

Behavior

Movement

The sapphire-bellied hummingbird's movements, if any, have not been documented, though it might make local seasonal movements.[10][1]

Feeding

The sapphire-bellied hummingbird's preferred nectar source is the flowers of tea mangrove (Pelliciera rhizophorae), though it has been observed feeding at the flowering legume Erythrina fusca in the nearby arid scrub. In addition to nectar, it feeds on insects.[10]

Breeding

Nothing is known about the sapphire-bellied hummingbird's breeding phenology.[10]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to sapphire-bellied hummingbird on xeno-canto

Vocalization

Xeno-canto and Cornell University's Macaulay Library have only a few recordings of the sapphire-bellied hummingbird's vocalizations. They are described as "a series of short chatters".[10]

Status

The IUCN originally assessed the sapphire-bellied hummingbird as Critically Endangered but in 2021 downlisted it to Endangered. It has a very small area of suitable habitat which is undergoing continuing destruction. Its population is estimated at between 285 and 440 mature individuals and believed to be decreasing.[1] Though it occurs in two protected areas, there are very few records at one of them, Vía Parque Isla de Salamanca.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2021). "Amazilia lilliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2 021: e.T22687417A192202266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22687417A192202266.en. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2018) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 3. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v3_Nov18.zip
  4. ^ a b c HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
  5. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  6. ^ McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
  7. ^ Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3. PMID 29245495.
  8. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  9. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Luther, D. (2021). Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird (Chrysuronia lilliae), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sabhum1.01.1 retrieved September 12, 2022
  11. ^ Fogden, Michael; Taylor, Marianne; Williamson, Sheri L. (2014). Hummingbirds: A Life-size Guide to Every Species. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-228064-0.
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