Reinforced lipids

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), normal and deuterated, for the synthesis of reinforced lipids. Hydrogen atoms (H) are explicitly shown where they are replaced with deuterium (D), at oxidation-prone bis-allylic (between double bonds) positions. "R" stands for "radical", for example, hydrogen or ester.

Reinforced lipids are lipid molecules in which some of the fatty acids contain deuterium. They can be used for the protection of living cells by slowing the chain reaction due to isotope effect on lipid peroxidation.[1] The lipid bilayer of the cell and organelle membranes contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are key components of cell and organelle membranes. Any process that either increases oxidation of PUFAs or hinders their ability to be replaced can lead to serious disease. Correspondingly, use of reinforced lipids that stop the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation has preventive and therapeutic potential.

Examples of reinforced lipids

There are a number of polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be reinforced by deuteration.[2] They include (the names of the reinforced deuterated versions are separated by a slash):

Mechanism of action

Further information: Isotope effect on lipid peroxidation

Hydrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 1. It has just one proton and one electron. Deuterium is the heavier naturally occurring, stable isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton, one electron, and a neutron, doubling the mass without changing its properties significantly. Substituting deuterium for hydrogen yields deuterated compounds that are similar in size and shape to normal hydrogen compounds.

One of the most pernicious and irreparable types of oxidative damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon biomolecules involves the carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage (hydrogen abstraction). In theory, replacing hydrogen with deuterium "reinforces" the bond due to the kinetic isotope effect, and such reinforced biomolecules taken up by the body will be more resistant to ROS.[3]

The deuterium-reinforced lipids resists the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) through isotope effect — a non-antioxidant based mechanism that protects mitochondrial, neuronal and other lipid membranes, thereby greatly reducing the levels of numerous LPO-derived toxic products such as reactive carbonyls.[4][5]

Treating cells with deuterium-containing PUFAs (D-PUFAs) can prevent of ferroptosis. This treatment stops the autoxidation process through the kinetic isotope effect (KIE), as shown in Table 1 [66]. The efficacy of D-PUFAs in preventing ferroptosis has been demonstrated in models induced by erastin and RSL3, and has shown promising results in various disease models, especially those related to neurodegenerative disorders.[6]

Laboratory and animal research

The concept of using reinforced lipids to inhibit lipid peroxidation has been tested in numerous cell and animal models, including:

Clinical research

Friedreich's ataxia

A double-blind comparator-controlled Phase I/II clinical trial of using D2-linoleic acid ethyl ester (RT001) for Friedreich's ataxia, sponsored by Retrotope and Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance, was conducted to determine the safety profile and appropriate dosing for consequent trials.[11] RT001 was promptly absorbed and was found to be safe and tolerable over 28 days at the maximal dose of 9 g/day. It improved peak workload and peak oxygen consumption in the test group compared to the control group who received the equal doses of normal, non-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester.[12] Another randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study began in 2019.[13]

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy

An open-label clinical study for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy evaluating long-term evaluation of efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of RT001, which, when taken with food, can protect the neuronal cells from degeneration, started in the Summer 2018.[14]

Phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration

In 2017, the FDA granted RT001 orphan drug designation in the treatment of phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN).[15]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

In 2018, RT001 was given to a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) under a "compassionate use scheme".[16]

Progressive supranuclear palsy

In 2020, the FDA granted orphan drug designation RT001 for the treatment of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP is a disease involving modification and dysfunction of tau protein; RT001's mechanism of action both lowers lipid peroxidation and prevents mitochondrial cell death of neurons which is associated with disease onset and progression.[17]

References

  1. ^ Demidov, Vadim V. (1 April 2020). "Site-specifically deuterated essential lipids as new drugs against neuronal, retinal and vascular degeneration". Drug Discovery Today. 25 (8): 1469–1476. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.014. PMID 32247036. S2CID 214794450.
  2. ^ Shchepinov, M. S. (2020). "Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deuteration against Neurodegeneration". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 41 (4): 236–248. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2020.01.010. PMID 32113652. S2CID 211724987.
  3. ^ Shchepinov, Mikhail S (2007). "Reactive Oxygen Species, Isotope Effect, Essential Nutrients, and Enhanced Longevity". Rejuvenation Research. 10 (1): 47–59. doi:10.1089/rej.2006.0506. PMID 17378752.
  4. ^ Hill S, Lamberson CR, Xu L, To R, Tsui HS, Shmanai VV, et al. (August 2012). "Small amounts of isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress lipid autoxidation". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 53 (4): 893–906. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.004. PMC 3437768. PMID 22705367.
  5. ^ Demidov, Vadim V. (April 2020). "Site-specifically deuterated essential lipids as new drugs against neuronal, retinal and vascular degeneration". Drug Discovery Today. 25 (8): 1469–1476. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.014. PMID 32247036. S2CID 214794450.
  6. ^ Scarpellini, Camilla; Klejborowska, Greta; Lanthier, Caroline; Hassannia, Behrouz; Vanden Berghe, Tom; Augustyns, Koen (2023). "Beyond ferrostatin-1: a comprehensive review of ferroptosis inhibitors". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences: S0165–6147(23)00182–7. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2023.08.012. hdl:1854/LU-01HJ90DJVXAJ7NPCGA09GG3NFR. PMID 37770317.
  7. ^ Shchepinov, M. S.; Chou, V. P.; Pollock, E.; Langston, J. W.; Cantor, C. R.; Molinari, R. J.; Manning-Boğ, A. B. (2011). "Isotopic reinforcement of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids diminishes nigrostriatal degeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease". Toxicology Letters. 207 (2): 97–103. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.020. PMID 21906664.
  8. ^ Hatami, A.; Zhu, C.; Relaño-Gines, A.; Elias, C.; Galstyan, A.; Jun, M.; Milne, G.; Cantor, C. R.; Chesselet, M. F.; Shchepinov, M. S. (2018). "Deuterium-reinforced linoleic acid lowers lipid peroxidation and mitigates cognitive impairment in the Q140 knock in mouse model of Huntington's disease". The FEBS Journal. 285 (16): 3002–3012. doi:10.1111/febs.14590. PMID 29933522. S2CID 49379087.
  9. ^ Raefsky, S. M.; Furman, R.; Milne, G.; Pollock, E.; Axelsen, P.; Mattson, M. P.; Shchepinov, M. S. (2018). "Deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce brain lipid peroxidation and hippocampal amyloid β-peptide levels, without discernable behavioral effects in an APP/PS1 mutant transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiology of Aging. 66: 165–176. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.02.024. PMC 5924637. PMID 29579687.
  10. ^ Berbée JFP; Mol, I. M.; Milne, G. L.; Pollock, E.; Hoeke, G.; Lütjohann, D.; Monaco, C.; Rensen PCN; van der Ploeg LHT; Shchepinov, M. S. (2017). "Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against atherosclerosis by lowering lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolemia". Atherosclerosis. 264: 100–107. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.916. PMID 28655430.
  11. ^ Clinical trial number NCT02445794 for "A First in Human Study of RT001 in Patients With Friedreich's Ataxia" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  12. ^ Zesiewicz T, Heerinckx F, De Jager R, Omidvar O, Kilpatrick M, Shaw J, Shchepinov MS (July 2018). "Randomized, clinical trial of RT001: Early signals of efficacy in Friedreich's ataxia". Movement Disorders. 33 (6): 1000–1005. doi:10.1002/mds.27353. PMID 29624723. S2CID 4664990.
  13. ^ Clinical trial number NCT04102501 for "A Study to Assess Efficacy, Long Term Safety and Tolerability of RT001 in Subjects With Friedreich's Ataxia" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  14. ^ Clinical trial number NCT03570931 for "A Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of RT001 in Subjects With Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  15. ^ "US FDA Grants Orphan Drug Designation for Retrotope's RT001 in the Treatment of Phospholipase 2G6 (PLA2G6)-Associated Neurodegeneration". Global Newswire. 2 November 2017.
  16. ^ Inacio P (2018-09-18). "Experimental RT001 Now Available for ALS Under Expanded Access". ALS News Today.
  17. ^ "RT001 Gets Orphan Drug Designation in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy".
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