Presidency of Itamar Franco

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Itamar Franco
Presidency of Itamar Franco
December 29, 1992 – January 1, 1995
PartyMDB

The presidency of Itamar Franco began on December 29, 1992, with the resignation of Fernando Collor de Mello, and ended on January 1, 1995, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso took office.[1]

Itamar Franco government was characterized by the stabilization of the economy and the control of inflation, which occurred after the nomination of Fernando Henrique Cardoso to the Ministry of Finance, whose main project was the Plano Real (English: Real Plan). His administration was informally known as the "República do Pão de Queijo" ("Republic of Cheese Bread"), as the majority of his cabinet was composed of people from Minas Gerais. He advocated the relaunch of the VW Beetle, which became known as the "Fusca do Itamar" ("Itamar VW Beetle"). It recorded 10% growth in GDP and 6.78% in per capita income. Itamar assumed office with inflation at 1191.09% and handed over at 22.41%.[2][3][1]

Background

Impeachment of Fernando Collor

Main article: Impeachment of Fernando Collor

In 1992, Fernando Collor was indicted for illegal fundraising involving his campaign treasurer, PC Farias. The investigations by the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPMI) revealed that Collor benefited directly from the corruption scheme. During the investigations, Vice-president Itamar Franco claimed to be innocent. Afterwards, he left the PRN, Collor's party, and returned to the PMDB, which he left in 1986 to run for governor of Minas Gerais.[4][5][6]

On September 29, 1992, the National Congress approved Collor's temporary removal as president, leaving Itamar Franco as Brazil's interim president. On December 29, 1992, Collor was officially removed from office and Itamar Franco became Brazil's president.[5][4][6]

Plebiscite of 1993

Main article: 1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum

In April 1993, the government held a plebiscite to choose the form and system of government in Brazil, as required by the 1988 Constitution. Almost 30% of the voters did not attend the referendum or canceled their vote. Among those who appeared at the polls, 66% voted in favor of a republic and 10% in favor of a monarchy. Presidentialism received 55% of the votes and parliamentarism (Itamar Franco's preferred system) received 25% of the votes. Based on the results, the republican and presidential regime was maintained.[7][8]

Internal policy

Plano Real

Between October 1992 and May 1993, Itamar Franco appointed three people to the Ministry of Finance (Gustavo Krause, Paulo Haddad and Eliseu Resende), but none of them managed to solve the problems of the Brazilian economy. In May 1993, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a Brazilian sociologist, was invited to assume the Ministry of Finance. Along with his team, he developed the Plano Real, which solved Brazil's economic problems and stabilized inflation.[1][9]

The Plano Real was implemented in three stages throughout 1993 and 1994, which included: stabilizing public accounts by reducing spending and increasing revenue, launching a virtual currency to prepare for the transition from the cruzeiro real to the real and launching the new currency, the real. Immediately, the project caused inflation in Brazil to fall considerably. In 1993, annual inflation in Brazil was 2477%; in 1994, 916%; in 1995, 22%.[1][10][11]

Some criticisms related to the amount of privatizations made by the government, the increase in unemployment and the reduction in workers' purchasing power were raised. President Itamar Franco supported the candidacy of FHC, launched by the PSDB. In the 1994 elections, FHC was elected president in the first round with 54% of the vote.[1][12][13]

Health

During the Itamar Franco government, the 9th National Health Conference was held and the new Norma Operacional Básica do SUS (SUS Basic Operational Standard), the first to break with the logic of Inamps, was published in 1993. Regarding the fight against diseases, the Plano Nacional de Eliminação do Sarampo (National Plan for the Elimination of Measles) and the Projeto Aids I (Aids Project I), based on an agreement with the World Bank, stand out. The Programa de Saúde da Família (Family Health Program - PSF) was launched as part of a strategy to restructure the SUS care model in order to intensify municipalization.[14][15][16][17][18]

Education

In 1993, the Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos (Ten-Year Plan for Education for All) was launched in response to the Jomtien Conference with the goal of guaranteeing minimum learning content for children, young people and adults. In the same year, Brazil participated in the New Delhi Declaration on Education for All, which included a commitment by the world's nine most populous developing countries to achieve the goals set at Jomtien.[19][20][21][22]

Environmental policy

On November 19, 1992, the Ministry of the Environment was created. The National Congress approved and the Executive ratified Brazil's accession to two of the United Nations Conventions resulting from Earth Summit: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity.[23][24] In 1993, disputes over the demarcation of the Raposa Serra do Sol territory in Roraima began. During the Itamar Franco government, 16 indigenous lands were approved, covering 5,432,437 hectares.[25][26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Governo Itamar Franco". Historia do Mundo. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  2. ^ "Inflação e dívida pública explodiram no Brasil ao final da ditadura". R7. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  3. ^ "GDP growth (annual %) - Brazil". The World Bank. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  4. ^ a b "Depoimento de motorista leva ao impeachment do presidente". istoÉ. 1992-10-02. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  5. ^ a b "20 ANOS DO IMPEACHMENT DO COLLOR". Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  6. ^ a b "Relembre o impeachment e o governo Collor". Folha de S. Paulo. 2010-10-02. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  7. ^ Westin, Ricardo (2023-04-05). "Há 30 anos, Brasil foi às urnas decidir se teria rei e primeiro-ministro". Agência Senado. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  8. ^ "Plebiscito sobre forma e sistema de governo completa 20 anos". TSE. 2013-04-22. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  9. ^ Mossri, Sônia (1994-02-08). "Itamar já estuda nomes para os eventuais substitutos na Fazenda". Folha de S. Paulo. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  10. ^ "Lançado há 20 anos, Plano Real acabou com a hiperinflação". Chamber of Deputies. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  11. ^ "História da inflação no Brasil: entenda". Politize. 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  12. ^ "A Privatização no Brasil: o caso dos serviços de utilidade pública" (PDF). BNDES. 2000.
  13. ^ "Desemprego dos jovens no Brasil: os efeitos da estabilização da inflação em um mercado de trabalho com escassez de informação". Revista Brasileira de Economia. 61 (4). 2007.
  14. ^ "Saúde no Brasil: a evolução das políticas e os debates do sistema de saúde nas últimas três décadas". Fundação FHC. 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  15. ^ "9ª CONFERÊNCIA NACIONAL DE SAÚDE (1992)". CNS. 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  16. ^ Norma Operacional Básica - NOB (PDF). MDS. 2012.
  17. ^ "PLANO NACIONAL DE ERRADICAÇÃO DO SARAMPO" (PDF). SES. 1994.
  18. ^ "Saúde e Sociedade". UnaSUS. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  19. ^ "Educação no Brasil: as principais políticas públicas das últimas três décadas". Fundação FHC. 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  20. ^ Menezes, Ebenezer; Santos, Thais Helena (2001-01-01). "Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos". EducaBrasil. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  21. ^ "Conferência reuniu 157 países na Tailândia em 90". Folha de S. Paulo. 1999-06-11. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  22. ^ "Declaração de Nova Delhi sobre Educação para Todos, Nova Delhi, 6 de dezembro de 1993". UNESCO. 1998. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  23. ^ "Políticas para o meio ambiente: o movimento ambientalista e as principais decisões desde a redemocratização". Fundação FHC. 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  24. ^ "Sobre o Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA)". MMA. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  25. ^ "Povos indígenas: protagonismo na luta por preservação de suas terras e cultura". Fundação FHC. 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  26. ^ "Raposa Serra do Sol: como está a Terra Indígena após uma década da histórica decisão do STF". CIMI. 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
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