Mutambala

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A large crowd of Babwari and Babembe women in the Mutambala sector celebrating Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary’s 2018 presidential election campaign.

Mutambala (or M'tambala) is a sector that constitutes one of the four sectors in the Fizi Territory of the South Kivu Province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mutambala is situated near Lake Tanganyika, in the west by the Lulenge sector, in the north by the Tangani'a sector, and in the south by the Ngandja sector. It has a surface area of 777 km 2. The sector consists of five groupings (groupements), including the Basimukindja groupings (in the center), the Batombwe groupings (in the south), and the Babwari groupings (in the east).[1][2][3]

Agriculture is a significant economic activity in the region; it is revenue-generating for farmers. It is geared towards self-sufficiency but also generates profit through SOCODEFI, an agricultural organization that sells cassava to Baraka. Local food crops include cassava, palm oil, rice, maize, beans, banana, tomato, yam, peanut, sweet potato and sugarcane.[4][5][6] In addition to agriculture, fishing constitutes another important source of income in the sector. It is practiced in Lake Tanganyika in traditional fishing (small canoes, hooks, small nets) and artisanal fishing (motorized canoes, fishing nets). Although fishing is a significant activity in the sector, there is no industrial fishing; men and women are involved in commercializing or selling fish in the market.[6][7]

History

The Mutambala was inhabited by the Mbuti people, who practiced hunting and food-gathering as an essentially nomadic way of life. Incidentally, the Bembe people were established in the region, which on several occasions was incorporated by the colonial administration in the territories of Fizi or Mwenga. There were also a small number of Lega, Babwari, Babuyu and Nyindu and small lineages established within the area. The Belgian colonial administration later established Mutambala as a sector alongside Itombwe, Lulenge, Ngandja, and Tangani’a.[8][9][1][10]

In the mid-twentieth century, the region housed many cattle-herding Banyarwanda, who have been leading their herds towards Itombwe.[11][12] The region experienced another influx of immigrants from Burundi in 1972 during the Great Calamity, a series of mass killings against the Hutu populace by the Tutsi-dominated army and government after the advent of Michel Micombero. Parenthetically, the region hosted a second wave of immigrants following the displacement of Burundians in 1976–77. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Zairean government organized the influx of immigrants from the Ruzizi Plain to the Fizi territory in Mutambala sector.[13][14][15][16]

Security problems (1996 to present)

Since the First Congo War, Mutambala has been in the throes of conflict. Like the Uvira and Mwenga territories, the Mutambala sector has a reputation as a stronghold of armed groups. The Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo (AFDL) took off from Fizi in October 1996 to overthrow President Mobutu’s regime on May 17, 1997. The insurgency conducted mass killings of Hutu refugees as well as Zairian civilians in Atanga, Baraka, Alùndja, Banyalinga, Alùlo, and Alèlè villages in the Mutambala sector. The forests and plateaus of Mutambala were for a long time the scrub of the head of the AFDL, Laurent Désiré Kabila.[14][17][18][19][20]

In recent years, there has been an abundance of armed groups: FRF (Forces Republicaines Federalistes), RCD-Goma (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Goma), Ngumino, Twigwaneho and Red-Tabara. Reputed mono-ethnic and populated by the Banyamulenges, these armed groups have provoked a rebuttal in the leadership of other ethnic communities. Thus, each community, for its safety, has preferred to have its own armed group: Mai-Mai Malaika (Bangubangu), Mai-Mai Yakutumba (Bembe); Mai-Mai Biloze Bishambuke (Fuliiru and Nyindu); Mai-Mai Kibukila Mbilizi (Lega), Mai-Mai Yalinda (Bembe); the armed group Ebuhali (Bembe).[21]

In April 2010, two civilians were reportedly robbed and seriously wounded by gunfire by armed groups in Mukera Kasonge, a town 30 kilometers north of Fizi-center, according to the sector chief of Mutambala.[22]

On March 23, 2015, Mai-Mai Yakutumba attacked a FARDC (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) military position in Lubishako near the Nganda forest in the Fizi territory in South Kivu. Three people were reported dead, and the attackers raped the soldiers’ wives.[23]

On August 12, 2020, 600 cows were allegedly stolen following the clashes between Twigwaneho and Maï-Maï Ebuela in the Mulima region, 90 km west of Baraka, in the middle plateaus of the Mutambala sector, South Kivu.[24]

On March 8, 2022, Emerite Tabisha, the deputy mayor of Baraka City, called on the local community of Baraka to live in cohesion with the other community of Bibogobogo in the middle plateaux of the Mutambala sector. The ceremony was held at the Lumumba arena to bring together all social strata and promote peaceful coexistence in the middle plateaux of Bibogobogo. During the launch of this consultation framework, the Babwari, the Banyamulenge from the middle plateaux and the Babembe met in Baraka, five months after the Bibogobogo crisis.[25][26][27]

Climate

The average temperature ranges from 21 °C to 24 °C to 54 °C, with maximum daily temperatures increasing, eventually during the dry season: 30 °C and 32 °C in September. Annual precipitation varies between 900 and 1200 mm depending on the location but still presents significant irregularities. The dry season, in addition, lasts five months on the coastal plain and in the mountains; it only lasts two months.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b African Study Monographs, Volume 11. Indiana University: Research Committee for African Area Studies. 1990. p. 101.
  2. ^ "Carte géographique de la zone évaluée: (Liévain Bahavu/OCHA Bukavu)" (PDF). ehtools.org/. 2019. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  3. ^ Kapapi, John (March 28, 2019). Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018). Bloomington, Indiana. p. 66. ISBN 9781796022896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Okanya, Safi J. (July 13, 2017). Waves Against the Rock: Beyond Negativity to Resilience and Strength. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781514494844. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  5. ^ Verweijen, Judith; Brabant, Justine (March 2017). "Cows and guns. Cattle-related conflict and armed violence in Fizi and Itombwe, eastern DR Congo*". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 55 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1017/S0022278X16000823. ISSN 0022-278X. S2CID 64607292.
  6. ^ a b "Fizi Territory Democratic Republic of Congo". www.helprapevictim.org. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  7. ^ Metrowich, F. R. (1979). African Freedom Annual. Southern African Freedom Foundation. p. 50.
  8. ^ Cosma, Wilungula B.; Vellut, Jean-Luc (1997). "Fizi 1967-1986: le maquis Kabila" (PDF). Institut Africain CEDAF (in French). Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  9. ^ Moeller, Alfred (1936). "Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo belge" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  10. ^ Atkins, Guy (February 1975). "Daniel Biebuyck: Lega culture: art, initiation, and moral philosophy among a central African people, xxiii, 269 pp., front., 43 plates. Berkeley, etc.: University of California Press, [1973]. $20. (English agents: IBEG Ltd. £9.50.)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 38 (1): 227. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00048023. ISSN 1474-0699. S2CID 162855697.
  11. ^ Kapapi, John (March 28, 2019). Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018). Bloomington, Indiana. ISBN 9781796022896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Muchukiwa, Bosco. Enjeux des conflits ethniques dans les hauts plateaux d'Itombwe au Sud - Kivu (Zaïre) (in French). Tervuren, Belgium: Institut Africain CEDAF. pp. 6–7.
  13. ^ Official Records of the ... Session of the General Assembly Supplement: Issues 12-16. Iowa City, Iowa, United States: University of Iowa. 1978. p. 30.
  14. ^ a b Verweijen, Judith; Twaibu, Juvénal; Ribakare, Moïse; Bulamba, Paul; Kasongo, Freddy Mwambi (April 2021). "Mayhem In The Mountains: How Violent Conflict on The Hauts Pleateux of South Kivu Escalated" (PDF). whiterose.ac.uk/. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  15. ^ "IRC begins resettling 1972 Burundians in U.S. - Burundi". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  16. ^ "The Burundi Killings of 1972 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". www.sciencespo.fr. 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  17. ^ https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/4187935/file/6805667
  18. ^ "First Congo War - Attacks against Tutsi and Banyamulenge civilians". Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  19. ^ "RDC : persistance de l'insécurité à Fizi". Radio Okapi (in French). 2017-12-26. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  20. ^ Roessler, Philip (December 15, 2016). Ethnic Politics and State Power in Africa: The Logic of the Coup-Civil War Trap. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 9781107176072.
  21. ^ "The CNPSC Rebellion: Social Marginalization and State Complicity in South Kivu" (PDF). Congo Research Group. February 2019. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  22. ^ "Fizi: extosion et attaques armées à Mukera". Radio Okapi (in French). 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  23. ^ "RDC: trois morts lors des affrontements entre FARDC et Maï-Maï Yakutumba à Fizi". Radio Okapi (in French). 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  24. ^ "Sud-Kivu : 600 vaches volées lors des affrontements entre Twigwaneho et Maï-Maï Ebuela à Mutambala". Radio Okapi (in French). 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  25. ^ "Sud-Kivu : les communautés de Mutambala et de Baraka appelées à la cohésion". Radio Okapi (in French). 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  26. ^ "Sud-Kivu : "Pour qu'il y ait rétablissement de la paix entre Baraka et Bibokoboko, c'est très evident d'intégrer les femmes dans des dialogues sur la cohabitation pacifique" (Émérite Tabisha Mongelwa)". FiziNews 24 (in French). 22 March 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  27. ^ Jean-Luc M. (25 February 2019). "Sud-Kivu : les maires des nouvelles villes d'Uvira et Kamituga installés ce week-end, celui de Baraka ce lundi". La Prunelle RDC (in French). Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  28. ^ Jean-Paul, Mashaka Mussa (2000). l'impact de l'orpaillage artisanal sur les conditions de vie socio-économiques de la population du territoire de Fizi (in French). Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: TFC ISDR. p. 13.
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