Minute hermit

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Minute hermit
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Phaethornis
Species:
P. idaliae
Binomial name
Phaethornis idaliae
(Bourcier & Mulsant, 1856)

The minute hermit (Phaethornis idaliae) is a tiny species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Brazil.[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The minute hermit was for a time considered conspecific with the little hermit (P. longuemareus) and now is treated with it as a superspecies.[4] It is monotypic.[3]

Description

The minute hermit is one of the world's smallest birds.[5] It is 8.4 to 9.2 cm (3.3 to 3.6 in) long and weighs 1.8 to 2.7 g (0.06 to 0.10 oz). The male has dark iridescent green upperparts and a dark brown throat. The female's underparts are reddish orange. Both sexes have a black "mask" and a pale supercilium and malar stripe.[6]

Distribution and habitat

The minute hermit is found in southeastern Brazil from approximately Bahia south to Rio de Janeiro state. It inhabits the understory of primary or lightly disturbed forest including their edges, and also mature secondary forest and forested islands. It has been recorded in Eucalyptus plantations near its preferred habitat. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft).[6]

Behavior

Movement

The minute hermit is assumed to be sedentary.[6]

Feeding

The minute hermit is a "trap-line" feeder like other hermit hummingbirds, visiting a circuit of flowering plants for nectar. It also consumes small arthropods.[6]

Breeding

The minute hermit's breeding season spans from October to February. Males display to females at leks. Its nest is an open cup suspended from the underside of a drooping leaf. The clutch of two eggs is incubated solely by the female.[6]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to minute hermit on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The minute hermit's song is "a high-pitched note repeated 3–4 times, followed by an accelerated descending warble" sung from a low perch.[6]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the minute hermit as being of Least Concern, though its population size is unknown and believed to be decreasing.[1] It has a very restricted range in the Atlantic Forest, a habitat that has almost entirely been deforested. It does occur in a few protected areas.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Minute Hermit Phaethornis idaliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22687010A130117234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22687010A130117234.en. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  4. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
  5. ^ Gerald Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Hinkelmann, C., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Minute Hermit (Phaethornis idaliae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.minher1.01 retrieved November 25, 2021
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