MMP28
| MMP28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | MMP28, EPILYSIN, MM28, MMP-25, MMP-28, MMP25, matrix metallopeptidase 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 608417 MGI: 2153062 HomoloGene: 41559 GeneCards: MMP28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Matrix metalloproteinase 28 also known as epilysin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP28 gene.[5][6][7]
Function
Matrix metalloproteinase 28, also known as epilysin, belongs to a family of proteins known as matrix metalloproteinases which are common to tissue regulation. Matrix metalloproteinases are commonly known to degrade the extracellular matrix, alongside regulating cell surface receptors MMP-28 releases growth factors and adhesion molecules to modulate inflammation.[8] MMP-28 is unique in that it can be found in many regular tissues, denoting a potential role in maintaining the healthy structure and function of most tissue. MMPs commonly modulate their expression via negative and positive feedback loops as a result of releasing and responding to growth hormones.
MMP-28 is less frequently found in tissues such as the brain, colon, heart, and lungs.[9] However, MMP-28 is expressed heavily in organs such as the testes. Epilysin is also found in high concentration in basal keratinocytes in injured skin, even at some distance away from the wound, showing a role in repairing damaged tissue. MMP-28 also can alter the cell membrane to become more adhesive, and not allowing the cell to migrate.[10]
Structure
MMP-28 is a 520 amino acid long protein. The estimated signal peptide sequence appears as a long tail of random coil coming off of the protein that helps to guide the protein to excretion with the sequence PRCGVTD.[11] The zinc binding catalytic site is tucked within an alpha helix within the center of the protein with a HEIGHTLGLTH sequence at positions 240–250 with a hemopexin-like domain. Epilysin contains 8 exons, 5 of which are splice sites unique to MMP-28 and not used by any other metalloproteinase in the MMP family.
Epilysin contains 8 exons, 5 of which are splice sites unique to MMP-28 and not used by any other metalloproteinase in the MMP family.
The full amino acid sequence is listed on uniprot.[12]
Clinical implications
The overexpression of MMP-28 is linked to the metastasis of tumors in cancer.[13] Expression of MMP-28 can be linked to tumor diameter, depth of invasion, and stage of metastasis. In patients with positive overexpression of MMP-28, survival may be significantly less likely compared to negative expression of this protein, making it a potentially important marker for proactive prognosis of some forms of cancer.
MMP-28 may also play an important role in the breakdown of myelin,[14] an important component of nervous system functionality. Demyelination may interrupt nerve signaling or even halt it completely, which can create severe neurological effects such as multiple sclerosis transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica.[15]
References
- ^ a b c ENSG00000271447 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000278843, ENSG00000271447 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020682 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001599200. PMID 11121398.
- ^ Marchenko GN, Strongin AY (March 2001). "MMP-28, a new human matrix metalloproteinase with an unusual cysteine-switch sequence is widely expressed in tumors". Gene. 265 (1–2): 87–93. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00360-2. PMID 11255011.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: MMP28 matrix metallopeptidase 28".
- ^ Illman SA, Lohi J, Keski-Oja J (November 2008). "Epilysin (MMP-28)--structure, expression and potential functions". Experimental Dermatology. 17 (11): 897–907. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00782.x. PMID 18803661. S2CID 9952480.
- ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001599200. PMID 11121398.
- ^ Rodgers UR, Kevorkian L, Surridge AK, Waters JG, Swingler TE, Culley K, et al. (June 2009). "Expression and function of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-28". Matrix Biology. 28 (5): 263–272. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.006. PMC 2724077. PMID 19375502.
- ^ Lohi J, Wilson CL, Roby JD, Parks WC (March 2001). "Epilysin, a novel human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-28) expressed in testis and keratinocytes and in response to injury". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 10134–10144. doi:10.1074/jbc.m001599200. PMID 11121398.
- ^ "Uniprot". Uniprot. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
- ^ Zhang J, Pan Q, Yan W, Wang Y, He X, Zhao Z (May 2018). "Overexpression of MMP21 and MMP28 is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor prognosis". Oncology Letters. 15 (5): 7776–7782. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.8328. PMC 5920775. PMID 29731903.
- ^ Werner SR, Dotzlaf JE, Smith RC (September 2008). "MMP-28 as a regulator of myelination". BMC Neuroscience. 9: 83. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-83. PMC 2551619. PMID 18778487.
- ^ "Find out more about demylinating disease like multiple sclerosis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
Further reading
- Illman SA, Keski-Oja J, Lohi J (September 2001). "Promoter characterization of the human and mouse epilysin (MMP-28) genes". Gene. 275 (1): 185–194. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00664-3. PMID 11574168.
- Saarialho-Kere U, Kerkelä E, Jahkola T, Suomela S, Keski-Oja J, Lohi J (July 2002). "Epilysin (MMP-28) expression is associated with cell proliferation during epithelial repair". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 119 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01790.x. PMID 12164918.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, et al. (December 2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, et al. (October 2003). "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment". Genome Research. 13 (10): 2265–2270. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003. PMC 403697. PMID 12975309.
- Bar-Or A, Nuttall RK, Duddy M, Alter A, Kim HJ, Ifergan I, et al. (December 2003). "Analyses of all matrix metalloproteinase members in leukocytes emphasize monocytes as major inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis". Brain. 126 (Pt 12): 2738–2749. doi:10.1093/brain/awg285. PMID 14506071.
- Kevorkian L, Young DA, Darrah C, Donell ST, Shepstone L, Porter S, et al. (January 2004). "Expression profiling of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in cartilage". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 50 (1): 131–141. doi:10.1002/art.11433. PMID 14730609.
- Bister VO, Salmela MT, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Uria J, Lohi J, Puolakkainen P, et al. (April 2004). "Differential expression of three matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-19, MMP-26, and MMP-28, in normal and inflamed intestine and colon cancer". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 49 (4): 653–661. doi:10.1023/B:DDAS.0000026314.12474.17. PMID 15185874. S2CID 34192223.
- Momohara S, Okamoto H, Komiya K, Ikari K, Takeuchi M, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N (December 2004). "Matrix metalloproteinase 28/epilysin expression in cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: comment on the article by Kevorkian et al". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 50 (12): 4074–5, author reply 4075. doi:10.1002/art.20799. PMID 15593191.
- Renò F, Sabbatini M, Stella M, Magliacani G, Cannas M (2005). "Effect of in vitro mechanical compression on Epilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-28) expression in hypertrophic scars". Wound Repair and Regeneration. 13 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130307.x. PMID 15953044. S2CID 24640193.