List of philosophers (R–Z)

Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

R

• François Rabelais (1493–1553)^[4]
• Eduardo Rabossi (1930–2005)
• Gustav Radbruch (1878–1949)^[4]
• Janet Radcliffe Richards (born 1944)^[3]
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)^[3][4]
• Assi Rahbani (1923–1986)
• Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1836–1886)
• Karl Rahner (1904–1984)^[4]
• Ramanuja (1017–1137)^[1][3][4]
• Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930)^[1][3][4][5]
• Ian Thomas Ramsey (1915–1972)^[4]
• Paul Ramsey (1913–1988)
• Petrus Ramus (1515–1572)^[1][4][5]
• Jacques Rancière (born 1940)
• Ram Gopal Varma (born 1989)
• Ayn Rand (1905–1982)^[4][5]
• Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924)^[1][3][4]
• Felix Ravaisson-Mollien (1813–1900)^[4]
• John Rawls (1921–2002)^[1][3][4][5]
• John Ray (1627–1705)^[1]
• Daniel Raymond (1786–1849)
• Joseph Raz (1939–2022)
• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (or Rhazes), (865–925)^[1][4]
• Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209)^[4]
• Paul Ree (1849–1901)^[3]
• Pierre-Sylvain Regis (1632–1707)^[4]
• August Wilhelm Rehberg (1757–1836)^[5]
• Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957)^[3]
• Helmut Reichelt (born 1939)
• Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953)^[1][3][4][5]
• Thomas Reid (1710–1796)^[1][3][4][5]
• Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768)^[1]
• Adolf Reinach (1883–1917)^[4][5]
• Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823)^[1][4][5]
• Karl Renner (1870–1950)^[4]
• Charles Bernard Renouvier (1815–1903)^[1][3][4]
• Nicholas Rescher (born 1928)^[3]
• Jean Reynaud (1806–1863)
• Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (or Gyeltsap darma rinchen) (1364–1432)^[4]
• Urbanus Rhegius (1489–1541)^[5]
• David Ricardo (1772–1823)
• Richard of Middleton (c. 1249–1306)^[4]
• Richard of St. Victor (died 1173)^[4]
• Richard Rufus of Cornwall (or Richardus Sophista) (1231–1259)^[1][4][5]
• David Riazanov (1870–1938)
• I. A. Richards (1893–1979)
• Radovan Richta (1924–1983)
• Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936)^[5]
• Paul Ricœur (1913–2005)^[1][3][4][5]
• Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866)
• Cedric Robinson (1940–2016)
• R.R. Rockingham Gill (born 1944)
• Jacques Rohault (1617–1672)^[4]
• Erwin Rohde (1845–1898)
• Francisco Romero (1891–1962)^[3]
• Avital Ronell (born 1952)
• Richard Rorty (1931–2007)^[1][3][4][5]
• Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
• Roscelin of Compiègne (c. 1050–c. 1120)^[1][4]
• Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz (1805–1879)
• Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973)^[5]
• Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929)^[1][3][4][5]
• Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855)^[1][4][5]
• Alf Niels Christian Ross (1899–1979)^[4]
• William David Ross (1877–1971)^[1][3][4][5]
• Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937)
• Gian-Carlo Rota (1932–1999)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)^[1][3][4][5]
• Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
• Joseph Rovan (1918–2004)
• M.N.Roy (1887–1954)
• Josiah Royce (1865–1916)^[1][3][4][5]
• Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (1763–1845)
• Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)^[4]
• Ruan Ji (210–263)^[1]
• Arnold Ruge (1802–1880)^[4]
• Otto Rühle (1874–1943)
• Michael Ruse (born 1940)
• Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)^[1][3][4][5]
• Jan van Ruysbroek (1293–1381)
• Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976)^[1][3][4][5]

S

• Saadia Gaon (892–942)^[1][3][4][5]
• Mulla Hadi Sabzevari (1797–1873)^[4]
• William S. Sahakian (1922–1986)
• Mark Sainsbury (born 1943)^[3]
• Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)^[1][3][4]
• Kohei Saito (born 1987)
• Sakya Pandita (1182–1251)^[5]
• Syed Zafarul Hasan (1885–1949)
• Nathan Salmon (born 1951)
• Wesley Salmon (1925–2001)^[3][5]
• Francisco Sanches (1551–1623)^[1][4][5]
• Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1915–2011)
• Michael Sandel (born 1953)^[3]
• Śāntarakṣita (725–788)^[5]
• George Santayana (1863–1952)^[1][3][4][5]
• Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1921–1990)
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)^[1][3][4][5]
• Crispin Sartwell (born 1958)
• John Ralston Saul (born 1947)
• Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913)^[1][4]
• Fernando Savater (born 1947)
• Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779–1861)^[4]
• Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz (1898–1959)
• Antonin Scalia (1936–2016)
• Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558)
• Thomas Scanlon (born 1940)
• Richard Schacht (born 1941)^[3]
• Max Scheler (1874–1928)^[1][3][4][5]
• Friedrich Schelling (1775–1852)^[1][3][4][5]
• F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937)^[4][5]
• Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805)^[1][3][4]
• August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845)^[5]
• Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829)^[1][4][5]
• Hubert Schleichert (1935–2020)
• Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834)^[1][4][5]
• Moritz Schlick (1882–1936)^[3][4][5]
• Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)^[4][5]
• J.B. Schneewind (born 1930)
• Gershom Scholem (1897–1982)^[5]
• Heinrich Scholz (1884–1956)^[5]
• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)^[1][3][4][5]
• Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)^[1]
• Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761–1833)^[1]
• Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)^[4]
• Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678)^[4]
• Alfred Schütz (1899–1959)^[3][4][5]
• Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965)
• Roger Scruton (1944–2020)^[3]
• Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701)^[5]
• John Searle (born 1932)^[1][3][4]
• Juan José Sebreli (born 1930)
• Charles Secrétan (1815–1895)
• Michal Sedziwój (1566–1636)
• John Selden (1584–1654)^[4]
• Roy Wood Sellars (1880–1973)^[3]
• Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989)^[1][3][4][5]
• Amartya Sen (born 1933)^[3]
• Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC–AD 65)^[3][4][5]
• Sengzhao (384–414)^[4]
• Victor Serge (1890–1947)
• John Sergeant (1623–1704)^[4]
• Michel Serres (1930–2019)
• Sextus Empiricus (2nd/3rd century)^[1][3][4][5]
• Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)^[1][3][4][5]
• Shah Wali Allah (or Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim or Waliullah) (1703–1762)^[4]
• Shang Yang (or Gongsun Yang) (died 338 BC)^[1]
• Adi Shankara (788–820)^[1][3][4]
• Shantideva (8th century)^[5]
• Shao Yung (1011–1077)^[1][4]
• Johannes Sharpe (c. 1360 – after 1415)^[5]
• Dariush Shayegan (1935–2018)
• Georgy Shchedrovitsky (1929–1994)
• Shen Buhai (died 337 BC)^[1]
• Shen Dao (or Shen Tzu) (c. 350 – 275 BC)^[1]
• Lady Mary Shepherd (1777–1847)^[5]
• Lev Shestov (1866–1938)^[4]
• Shinran (1173–1261)^[4]
• Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931)^[3]
• Gustav Gustavovich Shpet (1879–1937)^[1][4]
• Shriharsha (12th c.)^[5]
• Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900)^[1][3][4][5]
• Eli Siegel (1902–1978)
• Sigerus of Brabant (1240–1284)^[1][4]
• Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart (1789–1844)
• Abu Sulayman Muhammad al-Sijistani (c. 932 – c. 1000)^[4]
• Ludovico Silva (1937–1988)
• Francesco Silvestri (or Francis Sylvester of Ferrara) (1474–1528)^[4]
• Georg Simmel (1858–1918)^[1][4]
• Simon of Faversham (c. 1260–1306)^[5]
• Simplicius of Cilicia (early 6th century)^[1][4][5]
• Kurt Singer (1886–1962)
• Peter Singer (born 1946)^[3]
• B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)^[4]
• Thoralf Skolem (1887–1963)^[1]
• Hryhori Skovoroda (1722–1794)^[4]
• Peter Sloterdijk (born 1947)
• J. J. C. Smart (1920–2012)^[1][3][4]
• Adam Smith (1723–1790)^[1][3][4]
• Barry Smith (born 1952)
• Huston Smith (1919–2016)
• Michael Smith (born 1954)
• Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017)
• Joseph D. Sneed (1938–2020)
• Jan Sniadecki (1756–1830)
• Scott Soames (born 1946)
• Elliott Sober (born 1948)
• Socrates (470–399 BC)^[1][3][4][5]
• Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1899–1990)
• Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger (1780–1890)
• Joseph Soloveitchik (1903–1993)^[4][5]
• Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900)^[1][3][4]
• Sophie de Condorcet (1764–1822)^[5]
• Georges Sorel (1847–1922)^[1][3][4]
• William Ritchie Sorley (1855–1935)
• Abdolkarim Soroush (born 1945)
• Ernest Sosa (born 1940)^[3]
• Domingo de Soto (1494–1560)^[1][4]
• Othmar Spann (1878–1950)
• Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)^[1][3][4][5]
• Thomas Spencer Baynes (1823–1887)
• Oswald Spengler (1880–1936)
• Speusippus (410–339 BC)^[3][4][5]
• Herbert Spiegelberg (1904–1990)
• Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)^[1][3][4][5]
• Afrikan Spir (1837–1890)^[1]
• Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942)
• Lysander Spooner (1808–1887)
• Timothy L.S. Sprigge (1932–2007)^[3]
• Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)
• Edward Stachura (1937–1979)
• Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (1766–1817)^[4]
• James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair (1619–1695)^[4]
• Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878–1953)
• Robert Stalnaker (born 1940)^[3]
• Henry Stanton (1805–1887)
• Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950)
• Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826)
• L. Susan Stebbing (1885–1943)^[5]
• Edith Stein (1891–1942)^[5]
• George Steiner (1929–2020)
• Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)^[1][4]
• Leslie Stephen (1832–1904)^[1]
• Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908–1979)^[3][4][5]
• Dugald Stewart (1753–1828)^[3][4]
• Stephen Stich (born 1944)^[3]
• Stilpo (c. 360 – c. 280 BC)
• James Hutchison Stirling (1820–1909)
• Max Stirner (1806–1856)^[1][3][4][5]
• George Frederick Stout (1860–1944)^[1][3]
• David Stove (1927–1994)
• Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 – c. 268 BC)^[1][4]
• David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874)^[4]
• Leo Strauss (1899–1973)^[4][5]
• Galen Strawson (born 1952)
• P. F. Strawson (1919–2006)^[1][3][4][5]
• Barry Stroud (1935–2019)^[3]
• Carl Stumpf (1848–1936)^[5]
• Johann Sturm (1635–1703)^[5]
• Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)^[1][3][4][5]
• Gabrielle Suchon (1631–1703)^[4]
• Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191)^[5]
• Sun Tzu (c. 5th century BC)
• Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925)^[1]
• Kim Il Sung (1912–1994)
• Rudi Supek (1913–1993)
• Henry Suso (1300–1366)^[4]
• Ivan Sviták (1925–1994)
• Karen Swassjan (born 1948)
• Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772)^[4]
• Richard Swinburne (born 1934)^[1][3]
• Richard Sylvan (1935–1996)^[5]
• Syrianus (5th century)^[5]
• David Sztybel (born 1967)

T

• Allama Tabatabai (1903–1981)
• Javad Tabatabai (born 1945)
• Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905)
• Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)^[3][4]
• Tai Chen (or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-Yuan) (1724–1777)^[1][2][4]
• Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893)^[4]
• Gáspár Miklós Tamás (1948–2023)
• T'an Ssu-t'ung (1864–1898)^[1]
• Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962)^[3][4]
• T'ang Chun-i (1909–1978)^[1]
• Alfred Tarski (1901–1983)^[1][3][4][5]
• Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980)
• Johannes Tauler (c. 1300 – 1361)^[4]
• Nicolaus Taurellus (1547–1606)^[5]
• Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (c. 930 – 1023)^[4]
• Charles Taylor (born 1931)^[1][3][4]
• Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858)^[1][4][5]
• Kenneth Allen Taylor (1954–2019)
• Richard Taylor (1919–2003)^[3]
• Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)^[1]
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955)^[1][4]
• Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588)^[1][4][5]
• Placide Tempels (1906–1977)
• William Temple (1881–1944)^[4]
• Frederick Robert Tennant (1866–1957)^[4]
• Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)^[1]
• Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220)^[1][4]
• Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (1736–1807)^[1][4]
• Thales (c. 635 – 543 BC)^[1][3][4]
• Themistius (317–387)^[4]
• Theodoric of Freiberg ( c.1250 – c.1311)
• Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 465 – 398 BC)
• Theophrastus (372–287 BC)^[3][4][5]
• Helmut Thielicke (1908–1986)^[4]
• Peter Thielst (born 1951)
• Thierry of Chartres (fl. c. 1130–1150)^[4]
• Thomas à Kempis (1380–1471)^[4]
• Thomas of Erfurt (14th century)^[5]
• Thomas of York (13th century)^[4]
• Christian Thomasius (1655–1728)^[4]
• William Thompson (1775–1833)
• Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929–2020)^[1][3]
• Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)^[1][3][4][5]
• Thrasymachus (5th century BC)^[1][4][5]
• Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC)^[4]
• Paul Tillich (1886–1965)^[1][4]
• Timaeus of Locri (5th century BC)
• Timon of Phlius (c. 300 BC)^[4][5]
• Matthew Tindal (1657–1733)^[4]
• Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)^[4]
• Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017)^[4]
• John Toland (1670–1722)^[3][4]
• Francisco de Toledo (1515–1584)^[1][4]
• Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)^[4]
• Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–1746)^[4]
• Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802–1872)
• Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923)^[1][4]
• Mario Tronti, (1931–2023)
• Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)^[3][4]
• Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708)^[4]
• Je Tsongkhapa (or Dzongkaba or Rinpoche) (1357–1419)^[4][5]
• Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (1888–1937)
• Abraham Tucker (1705–1774)^[4]
• Benjamin Tucker (1854–1939)
• Peter Tudvad (born 1966)
• Ernst Tugendhat (1930–2023)^[3]
• Raimo Tuomela (1940–2020)
• Alan Turing (1912–1954)^[3][4][5]
• George Turnball (1698–1748)^[1][4]
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274)^[2][4]
• Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938)^[3][4][5]
• Michael Tye (born 1950)

U

• Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972)
• Udayana (11th century)^[4]
• Uddyotakara (6th century)^[4]
• Uisang (625–702)^[4]
• Ulrich of Strasbourg (1220–1277)^[4]
• Hermann Ulrici (1806–1884)
• Umar Khayyam (1048–1131)^[5]
• Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)^[1][3][4]
• Peter Unger (born 1942)
• Dimitri Uznadze (1886–1950)

V

• Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933)^[1][3][4][5]
• György Mihály Vajda (born 1935)
• J. J. Valberg (born 1936) ^[5]
• Valentinius (or Valentinus) (c. 100 – c. 153)^[1]
• Paul Valéry (1871–1945)
• Lorenzo Valla (1406–1457)^[1][3][4][5]
• Vallabhacharya (1479–1531)^[4]
• Bas C. van Fraassen (born 1941)^[3]
• Peter van Inwagen (born 1942)
• Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619)^[1]
• Francisco Varela (1946–2001)
• Vasubandhu (4th century)^[1][4][5]
• Vatsyayana (5th century)^[4]
• Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767)
• Gianni Vattimo (born 1936)^[4]
• Vauvenargues (1715–1747)^[1]
• Gabriel Vazquez (1549–1604)^[1]
• John Venn (1834–1923)^[4]
• Henry Babcock Veatch (1911–1997)
• Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945)
• Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499)^[4]
• Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)^[1][3][4][5]
• Milan Vidmar (1885–1962)
• Álvaro Vieira Pinto (1909–1987)
• Michel Villey (1914–1988)^[4]
• Vital Du Four (1260–1327)^[4]
• Francisco de Vitoria (1492–1546)^[1][3][4]
• Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902)
• Juan Luís Vives (1492–1540)^[1][4][5]
• Gregory Vlastos (1907–1991)^[3][4]
• Eric Voegelin (1901–1985)^[4]
• Carl Vogt (1817–1895)
• V. Volodarsky (1891–1918)
• Valentin Voloshinov (1895–1936)
• Voltaire (1694–1778)^[3][4][5]
• Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003)^[1][3][4]
• Aleksandr Voronsky (1884–1937)
• Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)^[3][4]
• Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev (1877–1954)^[4]

W

• Jean Wahl (1888–1974)
• Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959)
• Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913)^[4]
• Michael Walzer (born 1935)^[3]
• Ernest Wamba dia Wamba (1942–2020)
• Wang Bi (226–249)^[1]
• Wang Ch'ung (27–97)^[1][4]
• Wang Fuzhi (or Wang Fu-Chih or Wang Chuanshan), (1619–1692)^[1][4]
• Hao Wang (1921–1995)^[3]
• Wang Yangming (1472–1529)^[1][3][4][5]
• James Ward (1843–1925)^[1][5]
• Geoffrey J. Warnock (1923–1996)^[3]
• Mary Warnock (1924–2019)^[3]
• John B. Watson (1878–1958)^[3]
• Watsuji Tetsuro (1889–1960)^[3][4][5]
• Alan Watts (1915–1973)
• Max Weber (1864–1920)^[1][3][4][5]
• Éric Weil (1904–1977)
• Simone Weil (1909–1943)^[1][3][4][5]
• Ota Weinberger (1919–2009)^[4]
• Otto Weininger (1880–1903)
• Adam weishaupt (1748–1830)
• Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866)
• Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912)
• Felix Weltsch (1884–1964)
• Cornel West (born 1953)
• Edvard Westermarck (1862–1939)^[1]
• Hermann Weyl (1885–1955)^[4][5]
• Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr) (1879–1951)^[4]
• William Whewell (1794–1866)^[1][3][4][5]
• Benjamin Whichcote (1609–1683)
• Alan R. White (1922–1992)
• Thomas White (1593–1676)^[4]
• Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)^[1][3][4][5]
• David Wiggins (born 1933)^[3]
• William of Alnwick (1270–1333)^[1]
• William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1180–1249)^[1][4][5]
• William of Auxerre (died 1231)^[1][4]
• William of Champeaux (c. 1070 – 1121)^[4][5]
• William of Conches (c. 1080 – 1154)^[4]
• William of Moerbeke (c. 1215 – 1286)^[1]
• William of Ockham (c. 1285 – 1347)
• William of Shyreswood (or William of Sherwood) (1190–1249)^[1][4][5]
• Bernard Williams (1929–2003)^[1][3][4][5]
• Donald Cary Williams (1899–1983)^[5]
• Raymond Williams (1921–1988)
• Timothy Williamson (born 1955)
• Colin Wilson (1931–2013)
• John Cook Wilson (1849–1915)^[1][5]
• Peter Winch (1926–1997)^[3]
• Wilhelm Windelband (1848–1915)^[1][5]
• Kwasi Wiredu (1931–2022)
• John Wisdom (1904–1993)^[3]
• John Witherspoon (1723–1794)^[4]
• Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (1885–1939)
• Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)^[1][3][4][5]
• Adam de Wodeham (1298–1358)^[1][4][5]
• Christian Wolff (1679–1754)^[1][3][4][5]
• William Wollaston (1659–1724)^[1][4]
• Richard Wollheim (1923–2003)^[3]
• Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)^[1][3][4][5]
• Nicholas Wolterstorff (born 1932)
• Wonchuk (613–696)^[4]
• Wonhyo Daisa (617–686)^[4]
• Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui) (1865–1953)
• Chauncey Wright (1830–1875)^[1][3][5]
• Crispin Wright (born 1942)^[3]
• Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976)
• Jerzy Wróblewski (1926–1990)^[4]
• Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)^[1][4][5]
• John Wyclif (c. 1330 – 1384)^[1][3][4][5]

X

• Xenocrates (396–314 BC)^[3][4][5]
• Xenophanes of Colophon, (570–480 BC)^[1][3][4][5]
• Xenophon (427–355 BC)^[1][4]
• Xun Zi (or Hsun Tzu), (c. 310–237 BC)^[1][3][4][5]

Y

• Yajnavalkya (c. 1800 BC)
• Yang Chu (370–319 BC)^[1][4]
• Yang Xiong (or Yang Hsiung) (53 BC–AD 18)^[1][4]
• Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966)^[2]
• Yen Yuan (1635–1704)^[1]
• Yi Hwang (or Toegye) (1501–1570)^[4]
• Yi I (or Yi Yulgok or Yi Yi) (1536–1584)^[4]
• Yi Kan (1677–1727)^[4]
• Paul Yorck von Wartenburg (1835–1897)^[5]
• Arthur M. Young (1905–1995)
• Iris Marion Young (1949–2006)
• Pavel Yudin (1899–1968)

Z

• Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589)^[1][4][5]
• Edward N. Zalta (born 1952)
• Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899–1990)
• Zeami Motokiyo (c. 1363 – c. 1443)^[4]
• Eduard Zeller (1814–1908)
• Zeno of Citium (333–264 BC)^[3][4]
• Zeno of Elea (c. 495 – c. 430 BC)^[3][4][5]
• Zeno of Sidon (1st century BC)
• Zeno of Tarsus (fl. 200 BC)
• Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (1934–2006)
• Ernst Zermelo (1871–1953)^[4]
• Zhiyi (538–597)^[4]
• Zhou Guoping (born 1945)
• Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi) (1130–1200)^[1][3][4][5]
• Zhuang Zi (or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Chou) (c. 300 BC)^[1][3][5]
• Alexander Zinoviev (1922–2006)
• Howard Zinn (1922–2010)^[2]
• Slavoj Žižek (born 1949)
• Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958)
• Zongmi (780–841)^[4]
• Zou Yan (3rd century BC)^[1]
• Xavier Zubiri (1889–1983)