List of countries implementing pool testing strategy against COVID-19

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The following is a list of countries implementing pool testing strategy against COVID-19.If not otherwise stated, the virological status of sample pools is evaluated through PCR tests.

Screening strategies

General population

Large-scale screening strategies
Country Institution Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
 Switzerland 18/12/2021 >6,000,000 10 Saliva
 United States  Washington University of Washington 7/23/2020 >100,000 4 Nasopharyngeal swab [1]
 United States  California Stanford Medical Center 06/03/2020 2,888 (3 positives) 10 Nasopharyngeal swab [2]
 United States  Nebraska University of Nebraska 20/04/2020 1,700/week 5 Nasopharyngeal swab [3]
 United States  Kansas Clinical Reference Laboratory, Lenexa 31/08/2020 6,000/week 5 Saliva

[4]

 Spain Fundación Biomédica Galicia Sur, CHUVI 10/08/2020 100,000/month 20 Saliva

[5][6]

 Israel Rambam Clinical Microbiology Laboratory 18/03/2020 N.A. up to 64 Nasopharyngeal swab

[7][8] [9]

 Germany Saarland University Medical Center 29/04/2020 22,000 30 Nasopharyngeal swab [10][11]
 China Wuhan Centre for Disease Control 08/06/2020 >1M 5-10 Nasal/Oral swabs

[12] [13]

 China Qingdao 08/06/2020 7M To confirm To confirm

[14]

 China Kashgar City 26/11/2020 4.5M To confirm To confirm

[15]

 China Qingdao City 15/10/2020 11M 10 To confirm

[16]

 Portugal Algarve Biomedical Centre 24/04/2020 17,000 10 Nasopharyngeal swab

[17] [18]

 Australia Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne 25/08/2020 10,312 2-8 Nasopharyngeal swab

[19]

 Singapore Ministry of Health 02/2020 9,000 10 N.A.

[20]

 Ghana Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research 04/2020 30,000 10 Mixed origin

[21] [22]

 Philippines Makati Health Department 15/08/2020 10,000 Unknown Unknown

[23]

 Vietnam Danang Center for Disease Control 05/08/2020 >10,000 Unknown Unknown

[24]

 Ecuador Universidad de Las Americas 05/08/2020 1,500 3 Nasopharyngeal swabs

[25]

 South Korea Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 14/07/20

[26] [27] [28] [29]

 India Uttar Pradesh King George's Medical University, Lucknow [30]

[31]

 India West Bengal [32]
 India Punjab [33]
 India Chhattisgarh [34]
 India Maharashtra [35]
 Malaysia International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 27/04/2020 2,732 (52 positives) 10 Nasopharyngeal swab [36]
 Uruguay Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO). 22/09/2020 10 [37]
 Morocco Casablanca 09/06/2020 5-10

[38]

 Brazil Florianópolis 05/05/2020 19,535 (246 positives) 16 Nasopharyngeal swab

[39]

Campus screening strategies

Screening strategies in University Campus
Country Campus Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
 Switzerland Université de Genève 2021 saliva

[40][41]

 UK University of Nottingham 25/09/2020 self-collected saliva

[41]

 UK Cambridge University 25/09/2020 expected: 16 000/week self-collected nasopharyngeal

[42][41]

 Belgium Université de Liège 26/06/2020 expected: 30,000/week 8 self-collected saliva

[43] [44]

 United States College of Mount Saint Vincent 09/2020 5 to 24 self-collected saliva

[45]

 United States Duke University 08/2020 5 to 10 self-collected nasal

[46]

 United States Michigan State University 08/2020 14,000/week 8 or 10 self-collected saliva

[47]

 United States Syracuse University 07/2020 20,000/week 25 self-collected saliva

[48]

 United States University of South Florida 08/2020 ? 5 to 10 ?

[49]

 United States Colorado School 03/11/2020 (expected: 3,000/week) 8 self-collected saliva

[50]

 United States Shenandoah University 15/10/2020 2,000 self-collected saliva

[51]

Small-scale screening or experimental protocols

Smaller scale screening or experimental protocols
Country Institution Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
 France Hôpital Bichat 03/06/2020 448 16 nasopharyngeal swab [60]
 Spain Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Research, Valencia 04/05/2020 N.A. 5-10 nasopharyngeal swab

[6]

 Spain Universidade de Santiago, Santiago 02/06/2020 N.A. 5-20 nasopharyngeal swab

[61]

 Chile Universidad Austral de Chile 06/2020 610 20 nasopharyngeal swab

[62]

 Kenya Pwani University & Oxford 13/08/2020 0 1500 6 nasopharyngeal swab

[63]

 Thailand Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 13/08/2020 N.A. 10 nasopharyngeal swab [64]
 Rwanda University of Rwanda, Kigali 30/04/2020 N.A. 20-100 oropharyngeal swab

[65]

 Italy Sant'Andrea Hospital and Sapienza University, Rome 03/08/2020 >2035 5 naso-oropharyngeal swab

[66]

 Thailand Mahidol University, Bangkok 25/08/2020 N.A. 5-10 saliva

[67]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Perchetti, Garrett A.; Sullivan, Ka-Wing; Pepper, Greg; Huang, Meei-Li; Breit, Nathan; Mathias, Patrick; Jerome, Keith R.; Greninger, Alexander L. (2020-10-01). "Pooling of SARS-CoV-2 samples to increase molecular testing throughput". Journal of Clinical Virology. 131: 104570. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104570. ISSN 1386-6532. PMC 7396208. PMID 32805524.
  2. ↑ Hogan CA, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA (2020). "Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2". JAMA. 323 (19): 1967–1969. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5445. PMC 7136853. PMID 32250394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Abdalhamid B, Bilder CR, McCutchen EL, Hinrichs SH, Koepsell SA, Iwen PC (2020). "Assessment of Specimen Pooling to Conserve SARS CoV-2 Testing Resources". Am J Clin Pathol. 153 (6): 715–718. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa064. PMC 7188150. PMID 32304208.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ "Lenexa company ramps up saliva testing for COVID-19". KSHB Kanasa. 31 August 2020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  5. ↑ "Vigo opens the new laboratory for COVID-19 screening by pooling". La Voz de Galicia. 26 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cabrera, Jorge J.; Rey, Sonia; Perez, Sonia; Martinez-Lamas, Lucia; Cores-Calvo, Olaia; Torres, Julio; Porteiro, Jacobo; Garcia-Comesana, Julio; Regueiro, Benito J. (June 2, 2020). "Pooling for SARS-CoV-2 Control in Care Institutions". MedrXiv. doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.20108597. S2CID 219177956. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Israeli Researchers Introduce Pooling Method for COVID-19 Testing of Over 60 Patients Simultaneously". HospiMedica International staff writers. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  8. ↑ Yelin I, Aharony N, Shaer Tamar E, Argoetti A, Messer E, Berenbaum D; et al. (2020). "Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR test in multi-sample pools". Clin Infect Dis. 71 (16): 2073–2078. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa531. PMC 7197588. PMID 32358960.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ "Israeli team has coronavirus test kit to test dozens of people at once". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  10. ↑ "Homburger Virologen steigern mit Poolverfahren die Kapazitäten für Coronavirus-Massentests". Universität des Saarlandes. 29 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  11. ↑ Lohse S, Pfuhl T, Berkó-Göttel B, Rissland J, Geißler T, Gärtner B; et al. (2020). "Pooling of samples for testing for SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people". Lancet Infect Dis. 20 (11): 1231–1232. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30362-5. PMC 7194818. PMID 32530425.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ "Wuhan tested millions of people for COVID-19 in just days. Could US cities do the same?". LiveScience.com. May 28, 2020. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Coronavirus: China's plan to test everyone in Wuhan". BBC. June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Slovakia to test all adults for SARS-CoV-2". The Lancet. October 26, 2020. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  15. ↑ "China's Kashgar had a coronavirus outbreak. Within two days, 4.5 million people were tested". The Washington Post. October 26, 2020. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Xinhua Headlines: China's Qingdao tests 11 million after local COVID-19 cases emerge". Xinhua Headlines. October 15, 2020. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Portugal ramps up coronavirus testing at care homes". Reuters. April 24, 2020. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Covid-19: Algarve uses 'pool testing' to test over 20,000 people". Portugal Resident. July 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  19. ↑ Chong BSW, Tran T, Druce J, Ballard SA, Simpson JA, Catton M (2020). "Sample pooling is a viable strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection in low-prevalence settings". Pathology. 52 (7): 796–800. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.005. PMC 7508550. PMID 33036772.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ "Singapore pilots 'pooled testing' on nursing home staff". The Newspaper. May 12, 2020. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  21. ↑ "We 'pool' coronavirus samples to test 1,000s at a go; we've done 30,000 since Sunday – Noguchi". GhanaWeb. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Pooling samples boosts Ghana's COVID-19 testing". WHO Africa. July 31, 2020. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Makati's COVID-19 pool testing to prioritize PUV drivers, vendors". INQUIRER.net. August 6, 2020. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Danang, Vietnam's Covid-19 epicenter, carries out coronavirus pool testing". Hanoi Times. August 5, 2020. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  25. ↑ Freire-Paspuel, Byron; Vega-Marino, Patricio Alejandro; Velez, Alberto; Cruz, Marilyn; Garcia Bereguiain, Miguel Angel (July 3, 2020). "Sample pooling on triplets to speed up SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis using CDC FDA EUA RT-qPCR kit". medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.20142836. S2CID 220322168. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  26. ↑ "[Coronavirus] Verified 'sample pooling' introduced to prevent herd infection in S. Korea". ajudaily.com. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  27. ↑ Kim SY, Lee J, Sung H, Lee H, Han MG, Yoo CK; et al. (2020). "Pooling Upper Respiratory Specimens for Rapid Mass Screening of COVID-19 by Real-Time RT-PCR". Emerg Infect Dis. 26 (10): 2469–2472. doi:10.3201/eid2610.201955. PMC 7510748. PMID 32844739.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ↑ "COVID-19 testing free for all Seoul residents". The Korea Herald. 8 June 2020. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  29. ↑ Lee J, Kim SY, Sung H, Lee SW, Lee H, Roh KH; et al. (2020). "Challenges and issues of SARS-CoV-2 pool testing". Lancet Infect Dis. 20 (11): 1232–1233. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30516-8. PMC 7833783. PMID 32679080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ "Latest coronavirus update: UP to begin 'pool testing' of Covid suspects". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  31. ↑ "Advisory on feasibility of using pooled samples for molecular testing of COVID-19" (PDF). INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RESEARCH. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  32. ↑ Sumati Yengkhom. "West Bengal to start pool testing of samples in low-risk zones". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  33. ↑ "Punjab launches pool testing". Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  34. ↑ "'Chhattisgarh to adopt pool sample testing': Health minister TS Singh Deo on Covid-19". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  35. ↑ "Maharashtra to go for pool testing to defeat coronavirus". Deccan Herald. 12 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  36. ↑ Lim KL, Johari NA, Wong ST, Khaw LT, Tan BK, Chan KK; et al. (2020). "A novel strategy for community screening of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Sample pooling method". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0238417. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538417L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238417. PMC 7454965. PMID 32857823. S2CID 221367117.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ↑ Taylor L (2020). "Uruguay is winning against covid-19. This is how". BMJ. 370: m3575. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3575. PMID 32948599. S2CID 221778076.
  38. ↑ "Un laboratoire mobile à Casablanca pour le dépistage du Covid-19". Deccan Herald. 12 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  39. ↑ Paula Christoff, Ana; Cruz, Giuliano Netto Flores; Sereia, Aline Fernanda Rodrigues; Boberg, Dellyana Rodrigues; Bastiani, Daniela Carolina de; Yamanaka, Laís Eiko; Fongaro, Gislaine; Stoco, Patrícia Hermes; Bazzo, Maria Luiza; Grisard, Edmundo Carlos; Hernandes, Camila; De Oliveira, Luiz Felipe Valter (5 September 2020). "Swab pooling for large-scale RT-qPCR screening of SARS-CoV-2" (PDF). medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.20187732. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  40. ↑ "Testing Coronavirus". UNIGE. December 15, 2021. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Mahase E (2020). "Covid-19: Universities roll out pooled testing of students in bid to keep campuses open". BMJ. 370: m3789. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3789. PMID 32994203. S2CID 222003158.
  42. ↑ "Stay Safe Cambridge Uni". Cambridge University. September 25, 2020. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  43. ↑ "Dépistage Covid : une capacité de 30.000 à 60.000 tests par jour à l'ULiège". New ULiège. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  44. ↑ "L'université de Liège testera tous ses étudiants grâce à ses propres tests salivaires : les explications du vice-recteur". AEF Info. August 25, 2020. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  45. ↑ "Mount Saint Vincent COVID-19 Pool Testing Plan". Mount Saint Vincent website. November 3, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  46. ↑ "Duke to begin pool testing of undergraduates next week". The Chronicle. August 14, 2020. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  47. ↑ "MSU researchers develop COVID surveillance program using spit test kits". Wilx10. August 5, 2020. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  48. ↑ "How will Syracuse University test 20,000 students for coronavirus? By pooling their saliva". Syracuse.com. July 9, 2020. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  49. ↑ "Dr. Deborah Birx urges Florida to start pool testing for coronavirus. Here's what that means". Click Orlando. July 2, 2020. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  50. ↑ "The Best COVID Warning System? Poop and Pooled Spit, Says One Colorado School". KHN news. November 3, 2020. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  51. ↑ "Shenandoah Conducts Pooled Saliva Testing for Novel Coronavirus". KHN news. November 3, 2020. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  52. ↑ "Millions of students are returning to US universities in a vast unplanned pandemic experiment". Nature. August 17, 2020. Archived from the original on August 16, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  53. ↑ "What Happens if Someone Throws a Party? Questions and Answers on the Model Reopening Campus". The Cornell Daily Sun. July 2, 2020. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  54. ↑ "Surveillance/Pool Testing FAQ". SUSY Fredonia. September 2, 2020. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  55. ↑ "UT's COVID-19 testing includes surveillance program that monitors wastewater and checks saliva". 10News. September 2, 2020. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Here's what pooled testing is and how it can be used for the coronavirus". CNN. July 6, 2020. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  57. ↑ "Georgia researchers develop coronavirus saliva test". Fox 5 Atlanta. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  58. ↑ Marris, E. (August 6, 2020). "How to Safely Open Colleges? Test Everyone and Test Often, Experts Say". Nature. NBC 5 Chicago. 584 (7822): 510–512. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02419-w. PMID 32807962. S2CID 221162668. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
  59. ↑ "Saliva tests show promise for widespread COVID-19 surveillance at universities and workplaces". c&en. August 21, 2020. Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  60. ↑ Martin, Alexandra; Storto, Alexandre; Andre, Barbara; Mallory, Allison; Dangla, Remi; Visseaux, Benoit; Gossner, Olivier (June 3, 2020). "High-sensitivity COVID-19 group testing by digital PCR". arXiv:2006.02908 [q-bio.QM].
  61. ↑ Torres I, Albert E, Navarro D (2020). "Pooling of nasopharyngeal swab specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR". J Med Virol. 92 (11): 2306–2307. doi:10.1002/jmv.25971. PMC 7267454. PMID 32369202.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ↑ Verdugo, Claudio (June 3, 2020), "A comparative evaluation of dye-based and probe-based RT-qPCR assay for the screening of SARS-CoV-2 using individual and pooled-sample testing.", medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.20117721, S2CID 219189148, archived from the original on January 21, 2022, retrieved February 17, 2023
  63. ↑ Agoti, Charles N.; Mutunga, Martin; Lambisia, Arnold W.; Kimani, Domtila; Cheruiyot, Robinson; Kiyuka, Patience; Lewa, Clement; Gicheru, Elijah; Tendwa, Metrine; Said Mohammed, Khadija; Osoti, Victor; Makale, Johnstone; Tawa, Brian; Odundo, Calleb; Cheruiyot, Wesley; Nyamu, Wilfred; Gumbi, Wilson; Mwacharo, Jedidah; Nyamako, Lydia; Otieno, Edward; Amadi, David; Thoya, Janet; Karani, Angela; Mugo, Daisy; Musyoki, Jennifer; Gumba, Horace; Mwarumba, Salim; m. Gichuki, Bonface; Njuguna, Susan; et al. (August 6, 2020). "Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast". Wellcome Open Research. Well Come Open Research. 5: 186. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16113.1. PMC 7590893. PMID 33134555.
  64. ↑ Wacharapluesadee S, Kaewpom T, Ampoot W, Ghai S, Khamhang W, Worachotsueptrakun K; et al. (2020). "Evaluating the efficiency of specimen pooling for PCR-based detection of COVID-19". J Med Virol. 92 (10): 2193–2199. doi:10.1002/jmv.26005. PMC 7272832. PMID 32401343.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. ↑ Mutesa, Leon; Ndishimye, Pacifique; Butera, Yvan; Souopgui, Jacob; Uwineza, Annette; Rutayisire, Robert; Musoni, Emile; Rujeni, Nadine; Nyatanyi, Thierry; Ntagwabira, Edouard; Semakula, Muhammed; Musanabaganwa, Clarisse; Nyamwasa, Daniel; Ndashimye, Maurice; Ujeneza, Eva; Ivan Emile Mwikarago; Claude Mambo Muvunyi; Jean Baptiste Mazarati; Nsanzimana, Sabin; Turok, Neil; Ndifon, Wilfred (April 30, 2020). "A strategy for finding people infected with SARS-CoV-2: optimizing pooled testing at low prevalence". arXiv:2004.14934 [q-bio.QM].
  66. ↑ Petrucca A, Borro M, Lionetto L, Gentile G, Alari A, Simmaco M; et al. (2020). "Validation of small-size-pooling approach targeted to hospital surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 42 (7): 909–911. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.380. PMC 7431840. PMID 32734852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ↑ Pasomsub E, Watcharananan SP, Watthanachockchai T, Rakmanee K, Tassaneetrithep B, Kiertiburanakul S; et al. (2020). "Saliva sample pooling for the detection of SARS-CoV-2". J Med Virol. 93 (3): 1506–1511. doi:10.1002/jmv.26460. PMC 7461487. PMID 32841429. S2CID 221325763.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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