Lip kiss
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The kiss on the lips or lip kiss or lip to lip kiss or oral kiss or mouth to mouth kiss or osculation or making out is a type of kiss between two people by their lips. It has different meanings in different culture. In western culture, it can be performed between two friends or family, this move aims to express affection for a friend; whereas in middle eastern and south asian culture, it is regerded as sexual affection. In some culture, a friendly kiss has no sexual connotation unlike kissing for love.
History and culture
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Lip kissing, known more technically as osculation (osculate, meaning to touch, from the Latin "osculum", meaning kiss) is not universal. It is not common in the traditional cultures of China or Japan.[1] The lip kiss is said to have been invented by the people of ancient India, although the earliest Indian records (about 2000 B.C.) indicate that their prior custom was a nose or " sniff " kiss[2]. By the time the famous Indian manual of sex and love, the Kamasutra, was written in the fourth century, the lip kiss was well established. The practice of kissing with the lips spread westward to Persia, Syria, Greece, Italy, and eventually to the countries that make up Northern Europe.[3] The kiss on the lips is a practice that can be found in the time of patriarchs (Bible).[4] In Ancient Greece, the kiss on the mouth was used to express a concept of equality between people of the same rank.[5] In the Middle Ages, the kiss of peace was recommended by the Catholic Church.[6] The kiss on the lips was also common among knights.[5]
The gesture has again become popular with young people, particularly in England.[7][8]
South Asia
On-screen lip-kissing was not a regular occurrence in Bollywood until the 1990s, although it has been present from the time of the inception of Bollywood.[9] This can appear contradictory since the culture of kissing is believed to have originated and spread from India.[10]
Middle East
There are also taboos as to whom one can kiss in some Muslim-majority societies governed by religious law. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, a man who kisses or touches a woman who is not his wife or relative can be punished such as getting whipped up to 100 times or even go to jail.[11]
Research from May 2023 found texts from ancient people in Mesopotamia that indicates that kissing was a well-established practice 4500 years ago. According to Dr Troels Pank Arbøll, one of the authors of this study:
"In ancient Mesopotamia, which is the name for the early human cultures that existed between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in present-day Iraq and Syria, people wrote in cuneiform script on clay tablets. Many thousands of these clay tablets have survived to this day, and they contain clear examples that kissing was considered a part of romantic intimacy in ancient times, just as kissing could be part of friendships and family members' relations."[12]
Types
Non-sexual kiss
In texas 2002, Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz kissed George W. Bush in his lips as a sign of welcome in his visit.[13][14]
Romantic kiss
In many cultures, it is considered a harmless custom for teenagers to kiss on a date or to engage in kissing games with friends. These games serve as icebreakers at parties and may be some participants' first exposure to sexuality. There are many such games, including truth or dare, seven minutes in heaven (or the variation "two minutes in the closet"), spin the bottle, post office, and wink.
The psychologist William Cane notes that kissing in Western society is often a romantic act and describes a few of its attributes:
It's not hard to tell when two people are in love. Maybe they're trying to hide it from the world, still they cannot conceal their inner excitement. Men will give themselves away by a certain excited trembling in the muscles of the lower jaw upon seeing their beloved. Women will often turn pale immediately of seeing their lover and then get slightly red in the face as their sweetheart draws near. This is the effect of physical closeness upon two people who are in love.[15]: 9
Romantic kissing in Western cultures is a fairly recent development and is rarely mentioned even in ancient Greek literature. In the Middle Ages it became a social gesture and was considered a sign of refinement of the upper classes.[16]: 150–151 Other cultures have different definitions and uses of kissing, notes Brayer. In China, for example, a similar expression of affection consists of rubbing one's nose against the cheek of another person. In other Eastern cultures kissing is not common. In South East Asian countries the "sniff kiss" is the most common form of affection and Western mouth to mouth kissing is often reserved for sexual foreplay. In some tribal cultures the "equivalent to 'kiss me' is 'smell me.'"[17]
The kiss can be an important expression of love and erotic emotions. In his book The Kiss and its History, Kristoffer Nyrop describes the kiss of love as an "exultant message of the longing of love, love eternally young, the burning prayer of hot desire, which is born on the lovers' lips, and 'rises,' as Charles Fuster has said, 'up to the blue sky from the green plains,' like a tender, trembling thank-offering." Nyrop adds that the love kiss, "rich in promise, bestows an intoxicating feeling of infinite happiness, courage, and youth, and therefore surpasses all other earthly joys in sublimity.[18]: 30 He also compares it to achievements in life: "Thus even the highest work of art, yet, the loftiest reputation, is nothing in comparison with the passionate kiss of a woman one loves."[18]: 31
The power of a kiss is not minimized when he writes that "we all yearn for kisses and we all seek them; it is idle to struggle against this passion. No one can evade the omnipotence of the kiss ..." Kissing, he implies, can lead one to maturity: "It is through kisses that a knowledge of life and happiness first comes to us. Runeberg says that the angels rejoice over the first kiss exchanged by lovers," and can keep one feeling young: "It carries life with it; it even bestows the gift of eternal youth." The importance of the lover's kiss can also be significant, he notes: "In the case of lovers a kiss is everything; that is the reason why a man stakes his all for a kiss," and "man craves for it as his noblest reward."[18]: 37
As a result, kissing as an expression of love is contained in much of literature, old and new. Nyrop gives a vivid example in the classic love story of Daphnis and Chloe. As a reward "Chloe has bestowed a kiss on Daphnis—an innocent young-maid's kiss, but it has on him the effect of an electrical shock":[18]: 47
Ye gods, what are my feelings. Her lips are softer than the rose's leaf, her mouth is sweet as honey, and her kiss inflicts on me more pain than a bee's sting. I have often kissed my kids, I have often kissed my lambs, but never have I known aught like this. My pulse is beating fast, my heart throbs, it is as if I were about to suffocate, yet, nevertheless, I want to have another kiss. Strange, never-suspected pain! Has Chloe, I wonder, drunk some poisonous draught ere she kissed me? How comes it that she herself has not died of it?
Romantic kissing "requires more than simple proximity," notes Cane. It also needs "some degree of intimacy or privacy, ... which is why you'll see lovers stepping to the side of a busy street or sidewalk."[15] Psychologist Wilhelm Reich "lashed out at society" for not giving young lovers enough privacy and making it difficult to be alone.[15] However, Cane describes how many lovers manage to attain romantic privacy despite being in a public setting, as they "lock their minds together" and thereby create an invisible sense of "psychological privacy." He adds, "In this way they can kiss in public even in a crowded plaza and keep it romantic."[15]: 10 Nonetheless, when Cane asked people to describe the most romantic places they ever kissed, "their answers almost always referred to this ends-of-the-earth isolation, ... they mentioned an apple orchard, a beach, out in a field looking at the stars, or at a pond in a secluded area ..."[15]: 10
French kiss
A French kiss, also known as cataglottism or a tongue kiss, is an amorous kiss in which the participants' tongues extend to touch each other's lips or tongue. A kiss with the tongue stimulates the partner's lips, tongue and mouth, which are sensitive to the touch and induce sexual arousal. The sensation when two tongues touch—also known as tongue touching—has been proven to stimulate endorphin release and reduce acute stress levels.[citation needed] Extended French kissing may be part of making out. The term originated at the beginning of the 20th century, in America and Great Britain, as the French had acquired a reputation for more adventurous and passionate sex practices.
French kissing may be a mode for disease transmission, particularly if there are open wounds.
References
- ^ Danesi, Marcel (17 June 2013). Encyclopedia of Media and Communication. University of Toronto Press. p. 629. ISBN 978-1-4426-9553-5. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ Pike , 1976
- ^ Kammeyer, Kenneth C. W.; Ritzer, George; Yetman, Norman R. (1994). Sociology: Experiencing Changing Societies. Allyn and Bacon. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-205-15548-4. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ William Smith, Smith's Bible Dictionary, Kiss Archived 2017-01-23 at the Wayback Machine, UK, 1988
- ^ a b Marine Gasc, racontemoilhistoire.com, Le bisou Archived 2017-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, France, January 20, 2016
- ^ Yannick Carré, Le baiser sur la bouche au Moyen Âge : rites, symboles, mentalités, à travers les textes et les images, XIe-XVe siècles, Le Léopard d'Or, 1992, page 357
- ^ Eric Anderson, Adi Adams, Ian Rivers, Archives of Sexual Behavior “I Kiss Them Because I Love Them”: The Emergence of Heterosexual Men Kissing in British Institutes of Education Archived 2016-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, UK, April 2012, Volume 41. 2, pages 421–430
- ^ Journal 7sur7.be, Nouvelle tendance: des bisous sur la bouche entre amis! Archived 2016-09-15 at the Wayback Machine, Belgium, October 29, 2010 archived version
- ^ "Bollywood most passionate kisses of all times". Archived from the original on February 15, 2013.
- ^ Patel, Atish (1 November 2014). "A Short History of the Kiss in India". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "When a Kiss Is More Than a Kiss" Archived 2017-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, May. 6, 2007
- ^ Arbøll, Troels Pank; Rasmussen, Sophie Lund (May 19, 2023). "The ancient history of kissing". Science. 380 (6646): 688–690. Bibcode:2023Sci...380..688A. doi:10.1126/science.adf0512. PMID 37200431. S2CID 258765170.
- ^ Hounshell, Blake (24 July 2024). "He kisses for thee". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ Helman, Christopher (1 March 2011). "Report Details How Saudi Royals Cream Off Oil Revenue". Forbes. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Cane, William. The Art of Kissing, Macmillan (1991)
- ^ Brayer, Menachem M. The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature, KTAV Publishing House (1986)
- ^ Hopkins, E. Washbun (1907). "The Sniff-Kiss in Ancient India". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 28. American Oriental Society: 120–134. doi:10.2307/592764. JSTOR 592764. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d Nyrop, Kristoffer. The Kiss and its History, Sands & Co., London (1901) Read full text
