Coordinates: 41°12′N 119°24′E / 41.2°N 119.4°E / 41.2; 119.4

Jiufotang Formation

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Jiufotang Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian
~122–118.9 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofJehol Group
Sub-unitsShangheshou & Meileyingzi Beds
UnderliesFuxin & Shahai Formations
OverliesYixian Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates41°12′N 119°24′E / 41.2°N 119.4°E / 41.2; 119.4
Approximate paleocoordinates44°24′N 119°30′E / 44.4°N 119.5°E / 44.4; 119.5
RegionLiaoning
Country China
Type section
Named forJiufotang, Pingfangzi, Liaoning
Named byRyuji Endo
Year defined1934[1]
Jiufotang Formation is located in China
Jiufotang Formation
Jiufotang Formation (China)
Jiufotang Formation is located in Liaoning
Jiufotang Formation
Jiufotang Formation (Liaoning)

The Jiufotang Formation (Chinese: 九佛堂组; pinyin: jiǔfótáng zǔ) is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms (see Jehol Biota). It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with estimates ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. New uranium-lead dates reveal the formation is deposited in the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous.[2] Fossils of Microraptor and Jeholornis are from the Jiufotang.[3]

Fossil content

Choristoderans

Genus Species County Member Abundance Notes
Philydrosaurus P. proseilus Monjurosuchid
Ikechosaurus I. pijiagouensis Simoedosaurid
Liaoxisaurus L. chaoyangensis Simoedosaurid

Fish

Genus Species County Member Notes Images
Caeruleum C. miraculum[4] Weichang A lamprey
C. gracilis[5] Weichang A lamprey
Jinanichthys J. longicephalus An osteoglossomorph
Lycoptera L. davidi An osteoglossomorph
Peipiaosteus P. pani A fish related to sturgeons
Protopsephurus P. liui A paddlefish
Sinamia S. zdanskyi An amiiform

Mammaliamorphs

Several mammaliamorph specimens have been found from the Jiufotang, but only a few have been formally described and named.

Genus Species County Member Material Notes
Cokotherium C. jiufotangensis[6] Partial skeleton A eutherian
Fossiomanus F. sinensis[7] A nearly complete skeleton A tritylodontid cynodont, likely the youngest known non-mammalian synapsid
Liaoconodon L. hui[8] A nearly complete skeleton A eutriconodont
Unnamed mammal Unnamed Partial remains including a foot and fragments of the skull A mammal similar to Eomaia and Sinodelphys from the Yixian Formation. Found as stomach contents of Microraptor zhaoianus.

Ornithischians

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Chuanqilong[9]

C. chaoyangensis[9]

Liaoning A nearly complete skeleton missing only the distal portion of the caudal series.

A basal ankylosaurid, sister taxon to Liaoningosaurus.[9]

Liaoningosaurus[10] L. paradoxus[10]
Liaoningosaurus paradoxus

Psittacosaurus

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis

Meileyingzi Bed

"[Four] individuals, [two] complete skulls."[11]

A ceratopsian.
Psittacosaurus meileyingensis
Psittacosaurus mongoliensis

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis

Shangheshou and Meileyingzi Beds

Pterosaurs

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Chaoyangopterus

C. zhangi

A chaoyangopterid[12]
Liaoningopterus
Nemicolopterus
Nurhachius
Sinopterus and Huaxiadraco

Eoazhdarcho

E. liaoxiensis

A chaoyangopterid[12]

Feilongus

F. youngi

Jianshangou Bed

A boreopterid
Forfexopterus F. jeholensis A ctenochasmatid

Gladocephaloideus

G. jingangshanensis

Jingangshan Bed

A ctenochasmatid
Guidraco

G. venator

A pteranodontoid[13]

Hongshanopterus H. lacustris An istiodactylid
Huaxiadraco H. corollatus Multiple specimens A tapejarid[14]

"Huaxiapterus"

"H." benxiensis

A tapejarid; synonymized with Huaxiadraco in 2023

Ikrandraco

I. avatar

A pteranodontoid[13]

Jidapterus

J. edentus

A chaoyangopterid[12]

Liaoningopterus

L. gui

A pteranodontoid[13]

Liaoxipterus

L. brachyognathus

An istiodactylid[12]

Linlongopterus

L. jennyae

A pteranodontoid[13]

Meilifeilong M. youhao Jianchang A nearly complete skeleton and a partial skull A chaoyangopterid[15]

Nemicolopterus

N. crypticus

A tapejaromorph; previously and still occasionally thought to be a tapejarid. Most likely a juvenile, hence small size.

Nurhachius

N. ignaciobritoi

An istiodactylid[12]
Pangupterus P. liui A pterodactyloid

Shenzhoupterus

S. chaoyangensis

A chaoyangopterid

S. sanyainus A chaoyangopterid[16]

Sinopterus

S. dongi

A tapejarid[12]

S. jii

Previously known as Huxiapterus jii

Vesperopterylus

V. lamadongensis

An anurognathid

Saurischians

A large titanosaur is present in the formation.[17]

Enantiornithines

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Alethoalaornis

A. agitornis[18]

An enantiornithean

Longipteryx
Rapaxavis
Sinornis
Yuanchuavis

Boluochia

B. zhengi

"Partial skull [and] partial postcranium."[19]

A longipterygid

Brevirostruavis B. macrohyoideus "an extremely elongate bony hyoid element (only slightly shorter than the skull), combined with a short cranial rostrum."[20] An enantiornithine

Cathayornis

C. aberransis

An enantiornithine

C. caudatus

Nomen dubium[21]

C. yandica

"Partial skeleton."[19]

An enantiornithean

Cuspirostrisornis

C. houi

A possible avisaurid

Dapingfangornis

D. sentisorhinus

An enantiornithean

Eocathayornis

E. walkeri

"Partial skeleton."[19]

An enantiornithean

Gracilornis

G. jiufotangensis

An enantiornithean

Imparavis[22] I. attenboroughi Jianchang An articulated, nearly complete specimen

Huoshanornis

H. huji

An enantiornithean

Largirostrornis

L. sexdentoris

An enantiornithean

Longchengornis

L. sanyanensis

An enantiornithean

Longipteryx

L. chaoyangensis

A longipterygid

Musivavis M. amabilis "A nearly complete and articulated skeleton preserved in a single slab."[23] An euenantiornithean

Rapaxavis

R. pani

A longipterygid

Shangyang

S. graciles

An enantiornithean

Sinornis

S. santensis

"Partial skull [and] many nearly complete postcranial skeletons."[24]

An enantiornithean

Xiangornis

X. shenmi

An enantiornithean

Yuanchuavis

Y. kompsosoura

An pengornithid

Euornithines

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images

Aberratiodontus

A. wui

Junior synonym of Yanornis martini[25]

Yanornis martini
Yixianornis grabaui

Chaoyangia

C. beishanensis

"Partial skeleton."[24]

A basal euornithean

Jianchangornis

J. microdonta

Jianchang

A basal euornithean

Mengciusornis

M. dentatus

A schizoourid

Parahongshanornis[26]

P. chaoyangensis

A hongshanornithid

Piscivoravis

P. lii

An ornithuromorph

Schizooura

S. lii

Jianchang

A schizoourid with long, forked tail feathers

Similiyanornis

S. brevipectus

An ornithuromorph

Songlingornis

S. linghensis

An ornithuromorph

Yanornis

Y. martini

An ornithuromorph

Yixianornis

Y. grabaui

An ornithuromorph

Zhongjianornis

Z. yangi

A basal euornithean[27]

Non-ornithothoracean theropods

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Chongmingia[28] C. zhengi A partial skeleton with preserved soft tissues A jinguofortisid avialan
Confuciusornis sanctus
Jeholornis prima
Microraptor gui
Sinotyrannus kazuoensis
Wulong bohaiensis

Confuciusornis

C. sanctus

A primitive short-tailed avialan (pygostylian). Also present in the Yixian Formation

C. jianchangensis

Liaoning

Cratonavis[29] C. zhui Jianchang A complete skeleton with preserved feathers A jinguofortisid avialan

Dalianraptor

D. cuhe

Nomen dubium, named from a forged artificially assembled specimen.

Jeholornis[3]

J. prima[3]

A jeholornithiform avialan, also present in the Yixian Formation[30]

J. palmapenis[31]

A jeholornithiform avialan

Kompsornis

K. longicaudatus

"Nearly complete specimen".[32]

A jeholornithiform avialan

Microraptor

M. gui

Shangheshou Bed

Extremely common[17]

Could be synonym of Microraptor zhaoianus

M. zhaoianus

Shangheshou Bed[17]

"At least [three] partial semiarticulated postcrania and several skulls."[33] Feathered integument is also preserved.[33]

A dromaeosaurid.

Neimengornis

N. rectusmim

A jeholornithiform avialan

Omnivoropteryx

O. sinousaorum

An omnivoropterygiform avialan

Sapeornis

S. angustis

"Nearly complete skeleton without skull."[34]

An omnivoropterygiform, a primitive short-tailed avialan

S. chaoyangensis

Shenshiornis

Shenshiornis primita[35]

An omnivoropterygiform avialan

Similicaudipteryx

S. yixianensis

An oviraptorosaur

Sinotyrannus[36]

S. kazuoensis[36]

A tyrannosauroid[36]

Wulong[37] W. bohaiensis[37] Chaoyang, Liaoning[37] Complete articulated skeleton (D2933).[37] A dromaeosaurid

Crustaceans

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Eosestheria Eosestheria middendorfii[38] A clam shrimp

Plants

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Czekanowskia Czekanowskia rigida[39] A member of Czekanowskiales, Dominant
Ginkgo Ginkgo digitata[39] A member of Ginkgoales
Elatocladus Elatocladus pinnatus[39] Conifer foliage
Pityolepis Pityolepis ovatus[39] Conifer cone
Leptostrobus Leptostrobus sinensis[39] A member of Czekanowksiales, occasionally misspelled "Leptosthrobus"
Baiera Baiera valida[39] A member of Ginkgoales
Baiera cf. gracilis[39]
Ginkgoites Ginkgoites trancata[39] A member of Ginkgoales, dominant
Gingkgoites trancatus[39]
Podozamites Podozamites sp.[38] Conifer foliage
Sphenopteris Sphenopteris sp.[38] Seed plant foliage


See also

References

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Further reading

Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/Jiufotang_Formation"