Hazelnut production in Turkey

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Corylus colurna, the Turkish hazel, in Turkey.

Hazelnut production in Turkey is important as Turkey cultivates and processes most of the world's hazelnuts.[1]

History and geography

There are accounts dating back to 1500 BC of hazelnuts being cultivated in the Black Sea region[2] (historically Lazistan) and the Turkish historian Evliya Çelebi described hazelnut orchards in the 1650s, during the Ottoman Empire.[3] The hazelnut plantations are mainly located in the Black Sea region between Artvin and Kocaeli. The hazelnut regions are divided in an older eastern part which spans from Ordu to Artvin and a new hazelnut region in the western part of the Black Sea between Samsun and Kocaeli. Most hazelnuts are grown in the provinces of Ordu, Samsun, Artvin and Giresun while in Sakarya and Düzce hazelnut production is very efficient. In Ordu alone, 200,000 tons were harvested in 2017.[3]

As many young people have moved to cities farmers tend to be older.[4]

Orchards

Several traditional cultivars of hazel tree account for the bulk of the harvest, such as Tombul, Çakıldak, Foşa and Sivri, but since 2012 an ambitious breeding program led to cultivars with a faster ripening process.[5] Harvesting and drying is usually in August.[4] Average farm size is about 3 hectares[6] and often steeply sloping: this size is said to be due to division on inhertitance and too small.[7]

Hazelnut plantations are widespread and approximately 400,000 families are in possession of an orchard. After criticism that children have been employed harvesting hazelnuts, Ferrero, one of the main clients of the hazelnut industry and the producer of Nutella, started a Farming Values Programme in 2012.[8] Balsu and Olam International, two other major enterprises involved in the industry, have also begun to tackle child labor in co-operation with Nestlé and the Turkish Government.[9] Hazelnut production in Turkey rose steadily after 1964, when a law on a Guarantee of Purchase was introduced, after which a large part of the peasants in the Black Sea region became hazelnut cultivators. Thereafter, Turkey became the most important producer of hazelnuts and exports to more than a 100 countries.[10] Over half the production cost is labour, and the largest cost is for harvesting.[4] The largest environmental impact is from synthetic fertiliser use and it has been suggested that the yield should be studied for different soils and fertiliser use varied accordingly.[4] It has also been suggested that farmers should be supported in the 3 year transition to organic farming.[6] As of 2023 there is not much organic farming, due to the difficulties of getting enough nitrogen into the soil and controlling some pests, especially nut weevil.[11]

Pests

The damages on the hazelnut industry in Turkey has been estimated to be US$200 million in 2017, US$300 million in 2018 and is mainly attributed to the brown marmorated stink bug, green stink bug and the powdery mildew.[12]

Brown marmorated stink bug

The stink bug was first reported in Levent district of Istanbul in Turkey in September 2017.[13] In October of the same year it was observed in Artvin Province[14][15] and the species has rapidly spread to other areas in Eastern Black Sea Region, where most of the hazelnut production occurs. The bug is believed to have entered the country through Georgia, as it was initially reported in Kemalpaşa, Artvin just few kilometers away from the border between both countries.[14][15] Celal Tuncer, a professor from the Ondokuz Mayıs University has stated that the bug has already caused a 20% drop in Artvin's hazelnut yield and is expected to cause a 50% drop in hazelnut production and quality in the future. According to Tuncer these drops would lead to US$1 billion in damages to hazelnut producers.[16]

References

  1. ^ "Which Country Produces the Most Hazelnuts?". www.helgilibrary.com. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  2. ^ Anil, Şahin (2018). "XXX. INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS" (PDF). International Horticulrural Congress. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b Islam, Ali (2018). "Hazelnut culture in Turkey". Akademik Ziraat Dergisi. 7 (2): 259–266. doi:10.29278/azd.476665. ISSN 2147-6403. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d Temizyurek-Arslan, Merve (2023-09-20). "Evaluation of hazelnut production in Türkiye in environment, energy and economy using life cycle assessment approach". Science of the Total Environment. 892: 164468. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.892p4468T. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164468. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 37263442.
  5. ^ Anil, Şahin (2018),pp.32–33
  6. ^ a b Meral, Hüseyin; Millan, Elena (2023-10-01). "Factors Influencing Conventional Hazelnut Farmers to Transition to Organic Production: The Case of Türkiye". Erwerbs-Obstbau. 65 (5): 1583–1594. doi:10.1007/s10341-023-00922-8. ISSN 1439-0302. S2CID 259852658.
  7. ^ Bi̇çer, Ali (2022-12-20). "HAZELNUT GROWING IN TURKEY, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS". ARCENG: International Journal of Architecture and Engineering. 2 (2): 1–9. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7740871. ISSN 2822-6895.
  8. ^ "Is Nutella made with nuts picked by children?". BBC News. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  9. ^ "A Conversation with Balsu and Olam, Suppliers to Nestle in Turkey". Fair Labor Association. 7 May 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  10. ^ Soyubol, Kağan (3 December 2019). "The Turkish Hazelnut". The Business Year. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  11. ^ Turan, Ali (2023-04-26). "Organic Hazelnut Farming Techniques: A Review". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 11 (4): 876–882. doi:10.24925/turjaf.v11i4.876-882.5923. ISSN 2148-127X. S2CID 258681639.
  12. ^ "Fındıkta 'kahverengi- yeşil kokarca' tehdidi". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 21 March 2019. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  13. ^ Çerçi̇, Barış; Koçak, Özgür (2017-10-27). "Further contribution to the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey with a new synonymy". Acta Biologica Turcica. 30 (4): 121–127. ISSN 2458-7893.
  14. ^ a b Güncan, Ali; Gümüş, Ebru (2019-01-01). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (StåL, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), a New and Important Pest in Turkey". Entomological News. 128 (2): 204. doi:10.3157/021.128.0208. ISSN 0013-872X. S2CID 91559857.
  15. ^ a b Özdemi̇r, İsmail Oğuz; Tuncer, Celal (2021-04-01). "Türkiye'de Yeni Bir İstilacı Polifag Zararlı, Kahverengi Kokarca [Halyomorpha halys (stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)]: Tanımı, Benzer Türler ve Mevcut Durum". Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science (in Turkish). 4 (2): 58–67. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.844095.
  16. ^ "Karadeniz'de yeni tehlike: Kahverengi kokarca". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 29 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
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