Erbium compounds

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Erbium compounds are compounds containing the element erbium (Er). These compounds are usually dominated by erbium in the +3 oxidation state, although the +2, +1 and 0[1] oxidation states have also been reported.

Oxides

Erbium(III) oxide powder
Main article: Erbium(III) oxide

Erbium(III) oxide (also known as erbia) is the only known oxide of erbium, first isolated by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843, and first obtained in pure form in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James.[2] It has a cubic structure resembling the bixbyite motif. The Er3+ centers are octahedral.[3] The formation of erbium oxide is accomplished by burning erbium metal.[4] Erbium oxide is insoluble in water and soluble in mineral acids.

Halides

Erbium(III) chloride hydrate

Erbium(III) fluoride is a pinkish powder[5] that can be produced by reacting erbium(III) nitrate and ammonium fluoride.[6] It can be used to make infrared light-transmitting materials[7] and up-converting luminescent materials.[8] Erbium(III) chloride is a violet compounds that can be formed by first heating erbium(III) oxide and ammonium chloride to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride ([NH4]2ErCl5) then heating it in a vacuum at 350-400 °C.[9][10][11] It forms crystals of the AlCl3 type, with monoclinic crystals and the point group C2/m.[12] Erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate also forms monoclinic crystals with the point group of P2/n (P2/c) - C42h. In this compound, erbium is octa-coordinated to form [Er(H2O)6Cl2]+ ions with the isolated Cl− completing the structure.[13]

Erbium(III) bromide is a violet solid. It is used, like other metal bromide compounds, in water treatment, chemical analysis and for certain crystal growth applications.[14] Erbium(III) iodide[15] is a slightly pink compound that is insoluble in water. It can be prepared by directly reacting erbium with iodine.[16]

Borides

Erbium tetraboride is a boride of erbium.[15] It is hard and has a high melting point. It can be used in semiconductors, the blades of gas turbines, and the nozzles of rocket engines.[17] Erbium hexaboride is another boride of erbium, with a calcium hexaboride structure. It is isostructural with all other rare-earth hexaboride compounds including lanthanum hexaboride, samarium hexaboride, and cerium hexaboride.[18]

Other compounds

Erbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate powder

Erbium(III) hydroxide is a pink solid that decomposes to ErO(OH) at an elevated temperature, then further heating will produce erbium(III) oxide.[19] Erbium(III) phosphide (ErP[20][21][22][23]) is also a pink solid that can be formed by the direct reaction of its constituent elements. It forms crystals of a cubic system, space group Fm3m.[24] Erbium(III) nitrate (Er(NO3)3[25][26][27]) forms pink crystals. It is readily soluble in water and forms crystalline hydrates.[28][29] Erbium(III) acetate is a light pink solid that is used to synthesize some optical materials.[30] The tetrahydrate of erbium(III) acetate is thermally decomposed at 90 °C, giving a proposed anhydride:

Er(CH3COO)3·4H2O → Er(CH3COO)3 + 4 H2O

Continuing heating to 310 °C will form ketene:

Er(CH3COO)3 → Er(OH)(CH3COO)2 + CH2=C=O

At 350 °C, the proposed Er(OH)(CH3COO)2 loses acetic acid to yield a material of the formula ErOCH3COO, forming Er2O2CO3 at 390 °C, finally obtaining Er2O3 at 590 °C.[31]

Organoerbium compounds

See also: Organolanthanide chemistry

Organoerbium compounds are very similar to those of the other lanthanides, as they all share an inability to undergo π backbonding. They are thus mostly restricted to the mostly ionic cyclopentadienides (isostructural with those of lanthanum) and the σ-bonded simple alkyls and aryls, some of which may be polymeric.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  2. ^ Aaron John Ihde (1984). The development of modern chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 378–379. ISBN 978-0-486-64235-2.
  3. ^ Adachi, Gin-ya; Imanaka, Nobuhito (1998). "The Binary Rare Earth Oxides". Chemical Reviews. 98 (4): 1479–1514. doi:10.1021/cr940055h. PMID 11848940.
  4. ^ Emsley, John (2001). "Erbium" Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to Elements. Oxford, England, Uk: Oxford University Press. pp. 136–139. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
  5. ^ "Erbium Fluoride".
  6. ^ Linna Guo, Yuhua Wang, Zehua Zou, Bing Wang, Xiaoxia Guo, Lili Han, Wei Zeng (2014). "Facile synthesis and enhancement upconversion luminescence of ErF3 nano/microstructures via Li+ doping". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2 (15): 2765. doi:10.1039/c3tc32540g. ISSN 2050-7526. Retrieved 2019-03-26.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ 苏伟涛, 李斌, 刘定权,等. 氟化铒薄膜晶体结构与红外光学性能的关系[J]. 物理学报, 2007, 56(5):2541-2546.
  8. ^ Yingxin Hao, Shichao Lv, Zhijun Ma, Jianrong Qiu (2018). "Understanding differences in Er 3+ –Yb 3+ codoped glass and glass ceramic based on upconversion luminescence for optical thermometry". RSC Advances. 8 (22): 12165–12172. doi:10.1039/C8RA01245H. ISSN 2046-2069. PMC 9079277. PMID 35539388.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  13. ^ Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF (1966). "Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides". Acta Crystallographica. 21 (6): 1012–1013. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66004420.
  14. ^ Elements, American. "Erbium Bromide". American Elements. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  15. ^ a b Perry, Dale L (2011). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds (2 ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 163. ISBN 9781439814628. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
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  17. ^ American Elements
  18. ^ Samsonov, Grigorii (1965). High-Temperature Compounds of Rare Earth Metals with Nonmetals. New York: Consultants Bureau.
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  30. ^ Choi, Mu Hee; Ma, Tae Young (2008). "Erbium concentration effects on the structural and photoluminescence properties of ZnO:Er films". Materials Letters. 62 (12–13): 1835–1838. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2007.10.014.
  31. ^ G. A. M. Hussein (2001-08-28). "Erbium oxide from erbium acetate hydrate; formation, characterization and catalytic activity". Powder Technology. 118 (3): 285–290. doi:10.1016/S0032-5910(00)00384-3. ISSN 0032-5910. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  32. ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1248–9
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