Coordinates: 52°30′31″N 13°20′47″E / 52.508673°N 13.346341°E / 52.508673; 13.346341 (Gebäude der Jugoslawischen Gesandtschaft in Berlin)

Draft:Building of the Yugoslavian legation in Berlin

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Building of the Yugoslavian legation in Berlin, corner Rauchstraße / Drakestraße, residence wing

The Building of the Yugoslavian Legation in Berlin' was built from 1938 to 1940 for the diplomatic representation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the German Empire. The building designed by Werner March is located at Rauchstraße 17-18 in the Botschaftsviertel of the Tiergarten district and is a listed building.

There were two historical buildings on the site. Villa Kabrun was built in 1865-1867 by the architects Ende & Böckmann on behalf of the manufacturer and manor owner August Kabrun (1807-1877) and his wife Flora Luise Henriette Nicolovius (1811-1879), a grandniece of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Kabrun's grandson, Ulrich Graf Brockdorff-Rantzau, became the first Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic. Kabrun's daughters, Cäcilie von Brockdorff and her sister Cornelia von Stralendorff, sold the villa to the merchant Martin Levy, who lived there until 1911. The later banker Arthur Salomonsohn, who was related to Martin Levy through his mother Ernestine Levy, also lived there as a child. The heirs, including the professor of economics Hermann Levy, transferred the property in 1925 to the chemist and industrialist Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy, who had the Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy built on it.

In 1938, the Mendelssohn Bartholdy family, which was persecuted as Jewish, was expropriated by the Reich authorities through expropriation and had to emigrate. A new building for the Royal Yugoslavian Legation was erected on the site because Albert Speer's plans for a World Capital Germania at the old seat of the legation included the total demolition in favor of the new headquarters of the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) at the old headquarters. The Yugoslavian legation moved into the building in October 1940, but only used it for six months. With the Wehrmacht attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Yugoslav state was destroyed and there was no longer any need for a diplomatic mission. After an interim use by Alfred Rosenberg as Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, Werner March began converting it into a guest house of the Großdeutsches Reich in 1942. After the end of the Second World War in 1945, the People's Republic of Yugoslavia used the building as the seat of its military mission. In 1953, the Allied Commandant's Office established the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin (ORG). The ORG was the court of last resort for lawsuits for restitution of assets to racially and politically persecuted persons. The Mendelssohn Bartholdy family also filed an action for Restitution of their assets, including the property of the ORG, which thus had to decide on the rightful owner of the house they had used themselves, and upheld the action. The ORG existed until the end of the Four Power Status through Reunification in 1990. Since 1999, the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) has been using the building.

History and situation

Building (red) and property (dark gray) of the Yugoslavian legation

Lage of the property

The building of the Yugoslavian Legation is located at the western end of Rauchstraße on a slightly trapezoidal corner plot, which is bordered to the north by Rauchstrasse, to the west by Drakestrasse and to the south by Corneliusstrasse. Corneliusstraße is named after the historical painter Peter von Cornelius, Rauchstraße after the sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch and Drakestraße after his pupil Friedrich Drake.[1] The latter created the statue of Victoria on the Siegessäule not far from the property.

The villa district in Tiergarten and the Villa Kabrun (1865-1924)

The area of today's embassy district lies outside the former Berlin customs and excise wall and was only incorporated into Berlin in 1861. From 1884, the new district bore the name Tiergarten.[2] The property on the north side of the Landwehrgraben (from the opening of the canal in 1850, today's Landwehrkanal) between today's Klingelhöferstraße and Lichtensteinallee was named Albrechtshof after the landowner, a widow Albrecht, from 1835. The northern riverside road along the Landwehr Canal was accordingly called Albrechtshof-Ufer from 1849, before it was given the name Corneliusstraße in 1867, which is still in use today.[3]

After the parcelling of the Albrechtshof, Rentier August Kabrun acquired the property Rauchstraße 17-18 /corner of Drakestraße from the privy and government building officer Friedrich Hitzig in 1865.[4] The plot size was 139.85 Quadratruten[5]; the purchase price was 14,250 Taler.[6] In 1865-1867, the new owner had the Villa Kabrun built on the property by the architectural firm Ende & Böckmann. The two office owners, Hermann Ende and Wilhelm Böckmann, built a series of villas in the Tiergarten district of Berlin from 1860 onwards, especially in the diplomatic quarter.[7] The Villa Kabrun had a basement, a first floor and an upper floor.[8] In 1873, the merchant Martin Levy bought the villa from Kabrun, and from then on lived in the house himself.

  • View from the south across the Landwehr Canal
    View from the south across the Landwehr Canal
  • Side view from Drakestrasse
    Side view from Drakestrasse
  • Section perpendicular to the building front
    Section perpendicular to the building front
  • Floor plan of Villa Kabrun
    Floor plan of Villa Kabrun

Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1925–1933)

In 1925/26 the 46-year-old Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy d. J. took over the corner property at Rauchstraße 17 from Levy's heirs, Hermann Levy and his sister Julie Reissert, in Erbpacht.[9][10] He was the son of the chemist and Agfa founder Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy d. Ä. and the grandson of the composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy.[11] Like his father, Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy d. J. had a doctorate in chemistry and was director of Agfa for many years. In 1925, Agfa was merged into I.G. Farben. Together with Camerawerk München and a factory for photographic paper in Leverkusen (both formerly Bayer AG), Agfa formed Division III (Photochemistry) of I. G. Farben, which had its headquarters in Berlin SO 36 (Kreuzberg) and was headed by Mendelssohn Bartholdy as I. G. Farben director.[12] The Berlin address book of 1926 lists building sites at Rauchstraße 17-18.[13] The section of Drakestraße between Corneliusstraße and Rauchstraße (the western boundary of the site of the later legation) did not yet have a house number, but there was also a building site there in 1926.[14] In 1927, Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy d. J. and his wife Johanna, a British citizen, moved into the newly built Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy.[15] The couple was still childless at this time. Under the address, next to "Dr. P. Mendelssohn Bartholdy" as the owner and head of the household, only a porter named Zander was registered - as another head of the household and thus possibly living there with his family.[10]

Expropriation and emigration (1933–1938)

As a prominent member of the Mendelssohn family of Jewish descent, Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy was persecuted by the National Socialists as a so-called "money Jew". His widely ramified family could be considered a prime example of successful assimilation. Most branches of the family had converted to the Protestant faith by the middle of the 19th century at the latest, were successful, acquired wealth and a high social position. Paul's eldest brother Otto was ennobled in 1907.[16]

In October 1937, Mendelssohn Bartholdy's property was encumbered with a security mortgage in the amount of 60,000 RM from "Reich Flight Tax for the German Reich".[17] The Reich Flight Tax amounted to 25% of the taxable assets and was due upon abandonment of the domestic residence.[18] The family was forced to sell the villa and property in 1938 on the basis of the Reichsgesetz über die Neugestaltung Deutscher Städte[19]. The approximately 1000 m² property at Rauchstrasse no. 17 with the manor house was transferred to the German Reich for a purchase price of 170,000 RM. As was usual with forced sales in the context of "Aryanization", the purchase price of 170 RM per square metre of building land[20] in a central location corresponded to only a fraction of the value.[21] The security mortgage was extinguished in August 1938 against offsetting against the purchase price.[17] In addition, Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy had to pay the so-called Helldorff donation as a compulsory levy. The Villa Mendelssohn Bartholdy was demolished.

The other parts of the final property (Rauchstraße 18 and Drakestraße 4) were expropriated in 1940 and also fell to the German Reich.

Building history and architecture

Map of the 12 planned buildings in the embassy district

Germania and the embassy district

As part of the Development Plan of the National Socialist chief architect Albert Speer as General Building Inspector for the Reich Capital (GBI) for the construction of the world capital Germania[22] The area known today as the Embassy Quarter at the southern Tiergarten was declared a diplomatic quarter. Twelve embassy buildings were to be erected in order to create space in the Government Quarter near the Brandenburg Gate for the implementation of Speer's plans, which were to exceed all previously known urban planning standards.[23] For the realization of his plans, residential buildings in Berlin were demolished in 1938-1939, the tenants to be relocated were given replacement apartments, which became available at Speer's instigation through the eviction and deportation of Jews.[24] In order to make room for the "Royal Yugoslavian Legation", three plots of land were expropriated and merged: Rauchstraße 17 and 18 and Drakestraße 4.

Before the move, the Yugoslavian legation was located together with the legation chancellery at Regentenstraße 17, renamed Großadmiral-Prinz-Heinrich-Straße 17 in 1935,[25] of today's Hitzigallee,[26] at the south-eastern corner with Sigismundstraße[27] about 800 m west of Potsdamer Platzes. This meant that the legation was in the way of the plan for the "North-South Axis", which envisaged a new building for the Army High Command on the western side of the planned 120 m wide boulevard at the intersection with the southern edge of the Tiergarten. (OKH) was planned. The planned two-winged OKH building had a length of about 360 m in the north-south direction and a width of about 280 m in the east-west direction in the last version of the general building inspection from 1942, but was never built.[28] Today, the former site of the Yugoslav Legation is occupied by residential buildings erected before the move as part of the Internationale Bauausstellung 1987.

Planning and construction history

Werner March, the architect of the legation building, is best known for designing the Berlin Olympiastadion and other buildings within the Reichssportfeld built for the Olympic Summer Games, for whose overall planning he was also responsible. March designed the building in 1938 with an angular ground plan in an austere and closed architectural style, which, however, in comparison to the neoclassicist embassy buildings in the surrounding area (for example the Spanish or Italian Embassy). The building was completed in the years 1938-1940 under the construction management of Willy Kreuer, who was employed in the March office.[29] Construction was originally scheduled to take 8 months, but on 31 August 1939, on the eve of World War II, the GBI canceled all implementation work on the redesign of Berlin.[30] After the Victory over France in the summer of 1940, limited construction work was resumed. On October 7, 1940, the Yugoslavian legation moved into the building, and on November 29, 1940, the official handover and inauguration took place, at which the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was represented by a state secretary. The planning and construction period had thus been extended from 8 to 23½ months, for which March received an almost doubled fee.[31]

Architecture - exterior design

At the north-western corner of the property (intersection of Rauchstrasse and Drakestrasse) is a two-storey head building clad in scharriert Thüringer Travertin[29] clad with Thuringian travertine[29], in whose center axis the main portal opens onto Rauchstraße. Following the streets, two wings are attached to it, thus forming an L. Together with the travertine-clad section on Drakestrasse, the building is completed to form a two-storey residence wing. In addition to the official reception rooms on the first floor, it contained the representative living quarters for the ambassador on the upper floor. The building front of the residence wing facing Drakestraße is about 47 m wide and thus protrudes at the southern end with a corner by about 4 m over the Baufluchtlinie of Corneliusstraße,[32] for which a special permit was granted in 1938.[33] On the inner side of the L, the residence wing opens onto the garden.

The Kanzleitrakt, located on Rauchstraße, is set back 4 m from the building line. This part of the building, which houses the offices for administrative operations, is plastered, with cornices and window reveals being executed in travertine, as in the residence wing. The Kanzleitrakt has lower storey heights than the Residenztrakt, so that it has three storeys with the same eaves height|eaves height. The plastered façade of the Kanzleitrakt facing Rauchstraße is around 23 m wide; together with the head section of the Residenztrakt, the entire façade facing Rauchstraße is 44 m wide. On the eastern flank of the Kanzleitrakt is a garage for a single car, set back about 3 m from the façade and directly adjacent to the neighboring property.[32] Both the Residenz and Kanzleitrakt have an approximately 1 m high plinth made of carved Kirchheimer Muschelkalk,[34][29] which is seamless and without Bossen, and ends at the top of the façade with a narrow Sockelgesims.[35] The tiled roof is executed in a Mediterranean-style monk-nun roofing.

Above the main portal was a relief by the sculptor Arno Breker with the Yugoslavian coat of arms, which was removed during the conversion of the building. However, the design of the representative balcony in front of the ballroom with another Breker sculpture, which shows a woman's head above the balcony windows, and the wrought-iron balcony balustrade by the sculptor Ludwig Gies have been preserved. Fifteen years later, Gies created the Federal Eagle on the front of the Bundestag, which became the symbol of the Bonn Republic. The recessed part of the chancellery wing contains another entrance, above which there was a "standing stone coat of arms" made of Gauinger travertine by the Yugoslavian artist Vilma Lehrmann, which has not survived. The portal jambs are also made of this natural stone.[34]

  • Window reveal and ironwork
    Window reveal and ironwork
  • Façade detail on the residence wing
    Façade detail on the residence wing
  • Balcony window of the ballroom
    Balcony window of the ballroom
  • Breker sculpture above balcony windows
    Breker sculpture above balcony windows

The garden behind the two wings of the building extends as far as Corneliusstraße and provides an unobstructed view over the Landwehrkanal. The exterior and gardens around the building were designed from August 1939 by the garden planner Georg Potente in collaboration with the leading architect Werner March and the planning office Kühn & Solbrig (Berlin-Wannsee) and were completed by September 1942. Potente owed his reputation above all to his work as garden inspector of Sanssouci, where he worked from 1902 to 1938. Potente also developed the exterior and gardens for the new Wasserstraßendirektion building in Potsdam (1940-1942), another March design.[36]

Schematic floor plan of the first floor

Architecture - interior design

After entering the residence wing through the main portal at Rauchstraße 17, visitors reach the first floor level via five steps in the vestibule and, after opening a glazed inner door, enter the vestibule ('1). The vestibule is about 5 m deep and twice as wide in the visitor's line of sight (towards the residence wing), with the vestibule door in line with the doors on the garden side of the residence wing and thus asymmetrically positioned in the room. On the other side of the vestibule to the visitor's left is the staircase to the second floor of the residence wing, next to which are entrances to two larger sanitary rooms for visitors and the transition to the chancery wing. The floor of the vestibule is tiled with black marble; the walls are also clad in dark marble. To the right of the vestibule door is a hidden marble-clad door leading to a narrow chamber for the house servant. The room received its lighting from the outside through a glazed skylight, which Puhl & Wagner executed according to a design by the painter and glass sculptor Charles Crodel, who had been persecuted since 1933. The 12 signs of the zodiac are cut into the leaded glass of the skylight in a reduced art deco style. Today, the roof above the skylight is closed and the glazing is only backlit by artificial light.

Straight ahead in line with the entrance doors is the entrance to the elongated Gallery (2), after entering which the visitor passes a door to the Dining Room (3) on the right and a door to the Envoy's Study (10) on the left. The floor of the gallery is also tiled with marble, but the room appears bright and friendly in comparison to the dark vestibule, which has just been abandoned, thanks to the light whitewashed walls and the high windows overlooking the garden. The dining room has a length of 14 m and is fitted with panel parquet. The sideboard kitchen (12) adjoins the north side and is connected to the dining room by two narrow doors. In the sideboard kitchen, a staircase leads to the basement to the actual, large kitchen, which is also connected to the sideboard by three parallel serving elevators. To the south of the dining room is the small salon (4), also known as the smoking room, whose walls were covered with fabric.

The Reception Hall (5) can be entered from both the Small Salon and the Gallery and, at around 12 m, takes up the entire width of the residence wing. The floor of the reception hall is tiled with light-colored marble, and a mighty marble fireplace on the south side of the room catches the visitor's eye as they enter. To the right, three floor-to-ceiling windows open onto the French balcony on the west side, which looks magnificent from Drake Street with its Breker sculpture and ornamental balustrade, but cannot be used due to its shallow depth. To the right of the fireplace, a door leads to the Great Salon (6), which has roughly the same dimensions as the Dining Room and, like the latter, is furnished with parquet flooring. The Music Room (7) can be entered either from the Grand Salon or directly from the Reception Hall through a door to the left of the fireplace. On the walls and ceiling of the Music Room are stucco ornaments, which in their reduced form incorporate clefs and abstracted musical instruments. On the south side of the music room, the door opens into the unheated conservatory (8), whose walls and floor are made of shell limestone. The entire left-hand front of the room facing the garden is glazed and can be sunk into the ground in one piece.

Visitors to the Kanzleitrakt entered it through the Kanzleiportal Drakestraße 18. The Kanzleitrakt is accessed via a central corridor development (building), from which a row of rooms facing Rauchstraße and a row of rooms facing the garden are accessible. The waiting room for the envoy (9) and the study for his deputy, the Legation Councillor (a) are generously proportioned, while the other rooms in the chancery wing are rather small. Here too, however, the hierarchy of furnishing details is evident: the Attaché's study (l) is parquet floored, while the floors of the rooms for stenographers, secretaries, cashier and post office (b-'d and e-'k) are covered with linoleum. The envoy's study (10), on the other hand, is furnished with parquet flooring and the walls are paneled with elm.

History of use

First occupancy until the end of the war (1940-1945)

In 1940, the Yugoslavian legation, headed by Ivo Andrić, who later won the Nobel Prize for Literature, moved into the new building. Andrić had been in the diplomatic service of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929: Kingdom of Yugoslavia), founded two years earlier, since 1920 and had reached the pinnacle of a remarkable career in 1939: at the beginning of April he was appointed Minister without Portfolio, traveled to Berlin and handed over his diplomatic accreditation on 19 April 1939. On April 19, 1939, he handed over his letter of accreditation to Adolf Hitler.[37] Andrić requested his dismissal as Yugoslavia's ambassador to the German Reich at the beginning of spring 1941, but still attended the signing ceremony of Yugoslavia's forced accession to the Three Power Pact of the Germany-Italy-Japan axis in Vienna on March 25, 1941. Two days later, Yugoslav forces close to the German wartime enemy Great Britain carried out a coup d'état. As a result, the German leadership changed its plans at short notice to enter the war against Greece alongside Italy (Operation Marita)[38]) and expanded the operational plan to include the attack on Yugoslavia. On April 2, 1941, Colonel Vladimir Vauhnik (since 1937 military attaché at the Yugoslav legation in Berlin) warned his superiors in Belgrade of the attack planned for April 6, naming the 32 divisions involved.[39] He is said to have received this information from Colonel Hans Oster of the Abwehr, who was working for the chief of defense Canaris Canaris, who maintained contact with the national-conservative resistance.[40] On April 6, 1941, the Wehrmacht Yugoslavia without a declaration of war, beginning with the bombing of Belgrade. After April 7, the Germans offered Ambassador Andrić the opportunity to leave for neutral Switzerland while preserving his diplomatic immunity Switzerland]]. However, at his own request, he withdrew to Belgrade, which was now under German occupation. The military attaché Vauhnik was imprisoned for four months by the Gestapo in violation of his diplomatic immunity.[41]

Speer (back right with headphones) and Rosenberg (front left with propped-up chin and without sunglasses) as defendants in the Nuremberg trial

After the unconditional surrender Yugoslavia]] on April 17, 1941, the state was broken up by annexations by Germany, Italy and Bulgaria; only the fascist Croatia and the Military Administrative Region of Serbia continued to exist as a puppet state. As there was no longer any need for a large diplomatic representation of Yugoslavia in the German Reich, the Reich and Party Offices took over the building. Until 1942, Rauchstraße No. 17-18 was the official residence of Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi chief ideologist and, from July 1941, officially Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories.[42] From 1942, it was converted into a guest house for the Großdeutsches Reich. Albert Speer, the master builder of the embassy quarter, and Alfred Rosenberg, the first landlord after the evacuation by the Yugoslavian legation, were to meet again after the end of the war as defendants before the Nuremberg Trial of the Major War Criminals. Rosenberg was sentenced to death and executed in 1946, Speer was sentenced to 20 years in prison and released in 1966.

Post-war period(1945–1953)

After End of the War in May 1945, only two buildings in the entire Rauchstraße had survived the Air Raids by Western Allied bombers and the Conquest of Berlin by the Red Army. bombers and the Conquest of Berlin by the Red Army, the building of the Yugoslavian legation was one of them. The building was handed over for use to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, which used it as the seat of its military mission until 1953.

The Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin (1953–1990)

In 1953, the Allied Commandant's Office established the Supreme Restitution Court for Berlin (ORG), which from then on had its seat in the building of the former Yugoslavian legation.[43] The Allied Commandant's Office was the supreme institution of the Four Victory Powers in Berlin. In 1953, however, only the three powers United States, United Kingdom and France were still members of the Allied Command Authority after the Soviet Union left. The ORG for Berlin was Last Instance for claims for restitution of assets by victims of persecution under the Nazi regime and was opened on October 28, 1953 in the former legation building in the presence of Walther Schreiber, the Regenting Mayor Berlin]] and the three Western Allied city commanders.[44]

With its appointment of a Swedish national as president and an equal number of Allied and German judges, it is the first of its kind to be established in Germany. Its establishment is the result of the very close and friendly cooperation between the Allied Kommandantura and the German authorities in Berlin.

— Generalmajor C. F. C. Coleman, Rede zur Eröffnung des ORG on October 28, 1953

The former dining room now housed the court's conference room, in which a simultaneous interpreting system was installed, as English and French were permitted as the language of the proceedings in addition to German. The judge's bench was located on the south side of the courtroom, with the Small Salon behind it serving as a consultation room. The large salon and music room were used by the court as offices. The former study of the envoy was now the room of the president of the court.[45]

Due to its special status as a result of the Four Power Status of Berlin, the ORG for Berlin remained a separate institution from the 1955 consolidation of the ORG in the other three occupation zones. Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy filed a claim for Restitution of Assets|Restitution of the assets lost through expropriation and forced sale. The reclaimed assets included the property at Rauchstraße 17, which was now owned by the ORG, which thus had to decide the rightful owner of the house it had used itself. In 1964, the court ordered the then owner, the People's Republic of Yugoslavia, to grant a co-ownership share to the only child of Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy, who had died in 1956. The share was calculated from the hypothetical value of the partial property at Rauchstraße 17 at the time of the forced sale less the price paid in 1938 and was implemented by means of a collateral mortgage in the amount of 84,250 DM in favor of the heir.[46] The security mortgage was deleted in 1967 after the Federal Republic of Germany paid the amount to the heir.[47] In 1975, the state of Berlin bought the property from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for DM 2,500,000 and incorporated it into the assets of the Senator for Justice. In the summer of 1988, three restitution proceedings were still pending before the Supreme Restitution Court before it finally ceased its work in 1990. Since reunification, the Federal Supreme Court has been responsible for these issues of restitution.[48]

Portal Rauchstraße 17 with main entrance of the DGAP

Current use by DGAP (since 1995)

The Land Berlin sold the property and building in 1995 to the German Council on Foreign Relations, founded in 1955, which has used it as its headquarters since moving in in 1999. The administration of the DGAP and the editorial office of the journal Internationale Politik (formerly Europa-Archiv). The research institute, library and documentation center of the DGAP are located in the residence wing. The library is open to all interested users.[49] The building also houses conference and seminar rooms as well as an exhibition area in the foyer.

The event rooms on the first floor of the Residence Wing are now named after people from DGAP's history or refer to DGAP sponsors. The only exception is the former dining room, which is named after the resistance fighter Hans von Dohnanyi. Today, the reception hall is named Kurt-Birrenbach Hall after the CDU foreign politician and former president of the DGAP. The music room is also named after a former DGAP president and is now called Baron-Alfred-von-Oppenheim Hall. The Envoy Room is named after Otto Wolff, who headed the Committee on Eastern European Economic Relations for 45 years and was Honorary President of the DGAP. The naming of the gallery "Alfred Herrhausen Hall" is explained more by the Alfred Herrhausen Society's sponsorship of the DGAP than by Herrhausen's role in the DGAP's history; similarly, the Großer Salon is now called the "Robert Bosch Hall" and refers to the DGAP's connection with the Robert Bosch Stiftung.[50]

The DGAG regularly hosts conferences, working meetings and lectures by foreign and security policy experts, diplomats and experts from research and business. The events focus on current topics of German and European foreign policy. Since 2003, these have included Germany's relationship with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Poland,[51] as well as on Russia[52] and its neighboring states.[53] The traditional topic of Franco-German relations was also regularly the subject of events.[54][55] Another central topic was security policy, in particular the threat of terrorism[56] and nuclear proliferation,[57] the new role of NATO[58] and the transformation of the Bundeswehr.[59] Outside Europe, Israel and the Middle East[60][61] and the transatlantic relationship with the USA.

High-ranking representatives of the respective countries, often the foreign or defense ministers, spoke at many events. Also Federal President [Horst Köhler|Köhler]][62] and Federal Chancellor Merkel took part in events or gave keynote speeches.[63] A highlight was the celebration of Hans-Dietrich Genscher's 80th birthday in March 2007, when almost all the foreign ministers involved in the negotiation of the Two Plus Four Treaty came together for a fireside chat in the "Kurt Birrenbach Saal": Shevardnadze (USSR), Dumas (France), Meckel and de Maizière (both GDR), Skubiszewski (Poland) and Dienstbier (Czechoslovakia).[64]

Literature

The Mendelssohn Bartholdy family, Agfa and Aryanization

  • Thomas Lackmann: Das Glück der Mendelssohns. Geschichte einer deutschen Familie. 2. Auflage. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-351-02600-5.
  • Arthur Prinz und Avraham Barkai: Juden im deutschen Wirtschaftsleben: Soziale und wirtschaftliche Struktur im Wandel 1850–1914. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1984, ISBN 3-16-744825-3.
  • Neil Rosenstein: The Unbroken Chain: Biographical Sketches and Genealogy of Illustrious Jewish Families from the 15th-20th Century. 2. Ausgabe. Computer Center for Jewish Genealogy, New York 1990, ISBN 0-9610578-4-X.

World capital Germania, Albert Speer and the embassy district

  • Susanne Willems: Der entsiedelte Jude – Albert Speers Wohnungsmarktpolitik für den Berliner Hauptstadtbau. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89468-259-0.
  • Alexander Kropp: Die politische Bedeutung der NS-Repräsentationsarchitektur – die Neugestaltungspläne Albert Speers für den Umbau Berlins zur „Welthauptstadt Germania“ 1936–1942/43. Ars Una, Neuried 2005, ISBN 3-89391-135-9.
  • Hans J. Reichhardt, Wolfgang Schäche: Von Berlin nach Germania: über die Zerstörungen der Reichshauptstadt durch Albert Speers Neugestaltungsplanungen. Katalog zu einer Ausstellung des Landesarchivs Berlin, 7. November 1984 bis 30. April 1985. Landesarchiv, Berlin 1985.
  • Wolfgang Schäche: Architektur und Städtebau in Berlin zwischen 1933 und 1945 – Planen und Bauen unter der Ägide der Stadtverwaltung. Gebrüder Mann, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-7861-1178-2.
  • Wolfgang Schäche: Fremde Botschaften. Transit Buchverlag, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-88747-022-2. (2 Bände erschienen zur Bauausstellung Berlin. Band 1: Das Gebäude der ehemaligen Italienischen Botschaft in Berlin-Tiergarten. Band 2: Das Gebäude der ehemaligen Japanischen Botschaft in Berlin-Tiergarten. Beide Bände sind zweisprachig und enthalten einen allgemeinen Teil, der sich mit den Germania-Planungen und dem Botschaftsviertel befasst. Text und Abbildungen dieses allgemeinen Teils ist bei beiden Bänden bis auf die Sprache der Übersetzung – italienisch bzw. englisch – identisch.)

Nazi architecture, Werner March and the legation building

  • Matthias Donath: Architektur in Berlin 1933–1945. herausgegeben vom Landesdenkmalamt Berlin. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-936872-26-0.
  • Sabine Konopka: Wohnen am Tiergarten – die Bauten an der Rauchstrasse. Herausgegeben von Groth + Graalfs im Rahmen der Internationalen Bauausstellung Berlin 1987. Konopka, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-924812-08-X.
  • Wolfgang Schäche: Das „Diplomatenviertel“ in Berlin-Tiergarten. Gutachten für das Landesdenkmalamt, Berlin 1985. (Zur Feststellung des Status als denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude.)
  • Thomas Schmidt: Werner March, Architekt des Olympia-Stadions: 1894–1976. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Berlin, Boston 1992, ISBN 3-7643-2455-4.
  • Jakob Straub (Fotografie) und Andreas Fecht (Text): Schatten der Macht – Architektur des Nationalsozialismus in Berlin. Jovis, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-936314-64-0.
  • Jürgen Tomisch: Denkmale in Berlin – Bezirk Mitte – Ortsteile Moabit, Hansaviertel und Tiergarten. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2005, ISBN 3-86568-035-6. (Erschienen in der Reihe Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland.)
  • Erich Voß: Neue Gesandtschaftsbauten in Berlin. In: Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich. Teil B: Die Baukunst. Vol. 4, 1940.
  • Helmut Weihsmann: Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz – Architektur des Untergangs. Promedia, Wien 1998, ISBN 3-85371-113-8.

Use during the Second World War: Yugoslavian legation, Eastern Ministry, guest house

  • Radovan Popovic: Ivo Andrić – sein Leben. Aus dem Serbokroatischen übersetzt von Brigitte Simić. Zadužbina Ive Andrića, Belgrad 1988.
  • Vladimir Vauhnik: Memoiren eines Militärattachés – Ein Kampf gegen das Fingerspitzengefühl Hitlers. Edicion Palabra eslovena, Buenos Aires 1967.
  • Christine Blum-Minkel: Alfred Rosenberg als Reichsminister für die besetzten Ostgebiete. Universität Hamburg, 1995. (Magisterarbeit, Zentralbibliothek Philosophie, Geschichte und Klassische Philologie der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg)
  • Ernst Piper: Alfred Rosenberg – Hitlers Chefideologe. Pantheon, München 2007, ISBN 3-570-55021-4.
  • Alfred Rosenberg: Letzte Aufzeichnungen – Nürnberg 1945/46. Jomsburg-Verlag, Uelzen 1996, ISBN 3-931637-01-8.

Post-war use: military mission, ORG, DGAP

  • Volker Kähne: Gerichtsgebäude in Berlin – eine rechts- und baugeschichtliche Betrachtung. Haude & Spener, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-7759-0318-6.
  • Friedrich Scholz: Berlin und seine Justiz. Walter de Gruyter, 1982, ISBN 3-11-008679-4.
  • Jahresbericht der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik e. V. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik, Berlin 1999, ISSN 0177-9826.

External Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jugoslawische Gesandtschaft in Berlin.

References

  1. ^ Drakestraße. In: Straßennamenlexikon des Luisenstädtischen Bildungsvereins
  2. ^ Overview of the new division of the city of Berlin into districts and boroughs. Grunert, Berlin 1884.
  3. ^ Albrechtshof-Ufer. In: Straßennamenlexikon des Luisenstädtischen Bildungsvereins
  4. ^ Grundbuch des Potsdamer Torbezirks. Volume 25, sheet no. 729, first section. In: Amtsgericht Tempelhof-Kreuzberg, Berlin.
  5. ^ 139.85 square rods correspond to a plot area of 1.983.5 m²
  6. ^ One Vereinstaler had a weight of 18.5 grams with a silver content of 900/1000 fine silver, so the purchase price corresponded to 237.5 kg of fine silver, or 7,635.8 fine ounces silver. With today's strongly fluctuating silver prices between 5 and 20 USD, this corresponds to a monetary value of 40,000 and 150,000 USD. However, a comparison with purchasing power and average income makes more sense for such long periods of time.
  7. ^ Ende, Hermann Gustav Louis. In: Wolfgang Ribbe, Wolfgang Schäche (eds.): Baumeister, Architekten, Stadtplaner - Biographien zur baulichen Entwicklung Berlins. Stapp, Berlin 1987, p. 612.
  8. ^ Ende & Böckmann: Villa Kabrun bei Berlin. Building description with 4 lithographs: 2 views, floor plans, section. Sheet 12: Villa Kabrun near Berlin. Section A B C D. Sheets 15 and 17: Villa Kabrun near Berlin. Sheet 16: Villa Kabrun near Berlin. Basement. First floor. First floor. In: Allgemeine Bauzeitung. Weekly journal for architects, engineers, decorators, building professionals, economists, building contractors and [...]. Vienna, Förster. Jahrgang 32, 1867, p. 137. Online (Retrieved September 15, 2008.)
  9. ^ Excerpt Grundakte Amtsgericht Tiergarten, the property was then purchased in 1937.
  10. ^ a b Rauchstraße 17. In: Berliner Adreßbuch, 1927, part 4, p. 823, "E Dr. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, P." (E for owner).
  11. ^ Thomas Lackmann: Das Glück der Mendelssohns. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005.
  12. ^ Arthur Prinz, Avraham Barkai: Juden im deutschen Wirtschaftsleben. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1984, p. 90.
  13. ^ Rauchstraße. In: Berliner Adreßbuch, 1926, Part 4, p. 813.
  14. ^ Drakestraße. In: Berliner Adreßbuch, 1926, Part 4, p. 214.
  15. ^ Neil Rosenstein: The Unbroken Chain, 2nd edition. Computer Center for Jewish Genealogy, New York 1990, p. 210.
  16. ^ Lackmann: Das Glück der Mendelssohns. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005, p. 416.
  17. ^ a b Grundbuch des Potsdamer Torbezirks. Volume 25, sheet no. 729, third section, no. 34, entry dated October 21, 1937. The contract was dated October 1, 1937. In: Amtsgericht Tempelhof-Kreuzberg, Berlin.
  18. ^ Decree of the Reich Flight Tax in the Reichsgesetzblatt 1931, repeatedly extended until 1951.
  19. ^ Reichsgesetz über die Neugestaltung Deutscher Städte of October 4, 1937. In: Reichsgesetzblatt - Teil I. 1937, p. 1054-1055
  20. ^ Without taking into account the value of the 12-year-old villa
  21. ^ Der Quadratmeterpreis of RM 170 corresponds to approx. EUR 610 according to 2000 prices after Umrechnungshinweise (Kaufkraft) According to the Hamburg State Archives and the Federal Statistical Office, based on the year 2000. In: Fredrik Matthaei: Purchasing power (Memento from January 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive): 1 Reichsmark (1937/38) = 3.58 euros. (Retrieved January 3, 2015)
  22. ^ Hans Joachim Reichhardt and Wolfgang Schäche: Von Berlin nach Germania: über die Zerstörungen der Reichshauptstadt durch Albert Speers Neugestaltungsplanungen. Catalog for an exhibition at the Berlin State Archives, November 7, 1984 to April 30, 1985. State Archives, Berlin 1985.
  23. ^ Wolfgang Schäche: Architektur und Städtebau in Berlin zwischen 1933 und 1945. 2nd edition. Gebrüder Mann, Berlin 1992.
  24. ^ Susanne Willems: Der entsiedelte Jude. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 2002.
  25. ^ Behördenverzeichnis, Abt. 122. In: Berliner Adreßbuch, 1940, Part 3, p. 12.
  26. ^ Großadmiral-Prinz-Heinrich-Straße. In: Straßennamenlexikon des Luisenstädtischen Bildungsvereins
  27. ^ Hitzigallee today ends at Sigismundstraße. At the time of planning in 1938, it ran further north to Tiergartenstraße and Sigismundstraße entered from the east between numbers 15 and 17. In 1982, this northern section of the street was converted into building land 52°30′28″N 13°21′54″E / 52.50787178269995°N 13.364966520059298°E / 52.50787178269995; 13.364966520059298 (Großadmiral-Prinz-Heinrich-Straße 17, former location of the Yugoslavian legation until 1940)
  28. ^ Reichhardt, Schäche: Von Berlin nach Germania. Fig. 19, p. 27 on the OKH and on the street width p. 60.
  29. ^ a b c d Thomas Schmidt: Werner March, Architekt des Olympia-Stadions: 1894-1976. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1992, pp. 90-94.
  30. ^ Susanne Willems: Der entsiedelte Jude. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 2002, p. 158, footnote 452.
  31. ^ Letter from the GBI to Prof. Werner March on the question of fees due to the delay in construction. The fee for the construction management was increased by 100%, while the fee for the construction planning was only increased by 50%, contrary to March's wishes. In: Archive of the DGAP, Berlin
  32. ^ a b Werner March: Jugoslawische Gesandtschaft in Berlin-Tiergarten (1938) - Lageplan 1:250. Hand drawing from August 17, 1938. In: Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin, Inv. Nr.: 39108. Online (Retrieved September 26, 2008.)
  33. ^ Bauunterlagen Marchstr. 17-18, Genehmigungsschreiben Bauamt Berlin an GBI 1938. In: Archiv der DGAP, Berlin.
  34. ^ a b Erich Voß: Neue Gesandtschaftsbauten in Berlin. In: Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich. Part B': Die Baukunst. Vol. 4, 1940, p. 163.
  35. ^ Werner March: Jugoslawische Gesandtschaft in Berlin-Tiergarten (1938) - Schnitt Gesandtschaftsflügel, Schnitt Kanzleiflügel 1:50. Hand drawing from November 1938. In: Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin, Inv. Nr.: 39132. Online (Retrieved September 27, 2008.)
  36. ^ Jörg Wacker: Georg Potente (1876-1945): die Entwicklung vom Gartengestalter zum Gartendenkmalpfleger zwischen 1902 und 1938 in Potsdam-Sanssouci. University of Potsdam, 2004, p. 22. (Dissertation) urn:urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001472:{{{2}}}
  37. ^ Online-Biographie von Ivo Andrić (Memento of September 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive) on the website of the Zadužbina Ive Andrića (Ivo Andrić Foundation), Belgrade. (Retrieved September 23, 2008.)
  38. ^ The German campaign in Greece (Operation MARITA) (Memento of the original from January 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. In: Center of Military History of the United States Army: The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941). Washington D.C., 1984, 1986. (CMH Pub 104-4) (Retrieved September 24, 2008.)
  39. ^ J.B. Hoptner: Yugoslavia in Crisis - 1934-1941. East Central European Studies of Columbia University. Columbia University Press, New York 1962.Yugoslavia in Crisis - Online (Retrieved September 24, 2008.)
  40. ^ Friedrich Wiener: Partisanenkampf am Balkan - die Rolle des Partisanenkampfes in der jugoslawischen Landesverteidigung. Ueberreuter, Vienna and Heidelberg 1976, p. 85
  41. ^ Vladimir Vauhnik: Memoirs of a Military Attaché. Editorial Palabra Eslovena, Argentina 1967.
  42. ^ H.D Heilmann: Aus dem Kriegstagebuch des Diplomaten Otto Bräutigam. In: Götz Aly et al. (ed.): Biedermann und Schreibtischtäter - Materialien zur deutschen Täter-Biographie. Institut für Sozialforschung in Hamburg: Beiträge zur nationalsozialistischen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik 4, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-88022-953-8, p. 136 f.
  43. ^ Act 25 of April 25, 1953. In: BK/O (53) 11 of April 27, 1953
  44. ^ Friedrich Scholz: Berlin und seine Justiz. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1982, pp. 193-197.
  45. ^ Volker Kähne: Gerichtsgebäude in Berlin - eine rechts- und baugeschichtliche Betrachtung. Haude & Spener, Berlin 1988, pp. 90-93.
  46. ^ Grundbuch des Potsdamer Torbezirks. Volume 25, Sheet No. 729, Third Section, No. 35, entry dated December 21, 1965. In: Tempelhof-Kreuzberg District Court, Berlin.
    Only co-ownership was granted in favor of the heiress of Mendelssohn Bartholdy because the property of the legation consisted of three former sub-properties (Rauchstr. 17 and 18 and Drakestr. 4), which were merged after 1938 and now formed the connected property of the legation. Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy owned only one of the three plots, along with the villa that stood on it until it was demolished, Rauchstr. 17.
  47. ^ Grundbuch des Potsdamer Torbezirks. Volume 25, Sheet No. 729, Third Section, No. 35, deletion note dated September 11, 1967. In: Tempelhof-Kreuzberg District Court, Berlin.
    The Federal Republic of Germany was liable for compensation, as Yugoslavia acquired the entire property in exchange for its former property at (today) Hitzigallee 17, and was in fact forced to do so in 1938 due to the political situation. Due to the acquisition in good faith by Yugoslavia and the original enrichment by the German Reich, it was not Yugoslavia that was obliged to pay compensation, but the Federal Republic of Germany as the successor to the German Reich.
  48. ^ Kathrin Chod, Herbert Schwenk, Hainer Weisspflug: . In: Hans-Jürgen Mende, Kurt Wernicke (eds.): . Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein. Haude und Spener / Edition Luisenstadt, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-89542-111-1 (luise-berlin.de - as of October 7, 2009).
  49. ^ Bibliothek und Dokumentationsstelle der DGAP (BiDok)] on the DGAP website.(Retrieved August 28, 2008.)
  50. ^ The Robert Bosch Stiftung has been one of the DGAP's most important sponsors since the 1960s.
    Daniel Eisermann: Aussenpolitik und Strategiediskussion: Die deutsche Gesellschaft für auswärtige Politik 1955 bis 1972. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56338-6, p. 89.
  51. ^ On May 23, 2003, the "XI. German-Polish Forum" on the topic of "Poland and Germany in the new EU" with the then Foreign Ministers of Poland and Germany, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz and Joschka Fischer, as well as Gesine Schwan and Wolfgang Schäuble. Report (Memento from December 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive) (Retrieved September 9, 2008.)
  52. ^ On September 29, 2003, the then CEO of the Russian oil company Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, gave a lecture on Russia's integration in Europe, which was opened by DGAP President Hans-Dietrich Genscher. Khodorkovsky was imprisoned in Russia one month later. Event note (Memento from December 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive)
  53. ^ On January 29, 2004, Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili gave a speech entitled "New Directions for Georgia" at the DGAP premises, Berlin.
  54. ^ On 27 January 2004, the former French Minister of Defense Alain Richard took part in the permanent discussion group on Franco-German relations.
  55. ^ Ein Expertengespräch mit dem ehemaligen französischen Verteidigungs- und Innenminister Jean-Pierre Chevènement fand am 6. Dezember 2004 statt.
  56. ^ Tom Ridge, then US Secretary of Homeland Security, gave a lecture on "Homeland Security in a Globalizing World" on 29 October 2003. . See also: Ridge Praises Active German Role in War on Terror. In: Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State, October 30, 2003. Online (Retrieved January 3, 2014.)
  57. ^ Nfter a meeting with the German Foreign Minister Steinmeier on April 26, 2006, the then Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Kasuri spoke at the House about his country's role in the region, and his comments on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty also met with international interest. The title of the speech was Pakistan’s Role for Peace and Stability in Asia. . Also: Islamabad will never proliferate: Kasuri. In: DAWN, April 27, 2006, online (accessed October 6, 2008).
  58. ^ In May 2005, a conference entitled "NATO 2020: Emerging Threats and Challenges and the Future of Transatlantic Security Cooperation" was held. Both the then Federal Minister of Defense Peter Struck and NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer gave a keynote speech.
  59. ^ On March 15, 2006, the Inspector General of the Bundeswehr Wolfgang Schneiderhan gave a lecture on the transformation of the Bundeswehr. In: Bundeswehr press portal from March 16, 2006.
  60. ^ On May 19, 2005, the then Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom gave a lecture on German-Israeli relations and developments in the Middle East.
  61. ^ On August 28, 2006, two weeks after the ceasefire in the 2006 Lebanon war, Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni spoke about the situation in the Middle East. Warren Hoge: Lebanon Insists It Can Control the Syrian Border by Itself. In: New York Times, August 29, 2006. Online (Retrieved October 6, 2008.)
  62. ^ On June 3, 2005, Federal President Horst Köhler gave a speech entitled "We need more global domestic policy" to mark the 50th anniversary of the DGAP.
  63. ^ On September 12, 2006, the "Alfred von Oppenheim Center for European Future Studies" was founded in cooperation with the Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim Foundation. Event note and speeches On November 8, German Chancellor Angela Merkel officially opened the center with a keynote speech.
  64. ^ Event on March 22, 2007, held on the premises of DGAP, Berlin. In addition: Phoenix vor Ort from March 23, 2007, 16:00-17:30;

52°30′31″N 13°20′47″E / 52.508673°N 13.346341°E / 52.508673; 13.346341 (Gebäude der Jugoslawischen Gesandtschaft in Berlin)

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