Centruroides noxius
| Centruroides noxius | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Scorpiones |
| Family: | Buthidae |
| Genus: | Centruroides |
| Species: | C. noxius
|
| Binomial name | |
| Centruroides noxius Wood, 1863
| |
Centruroides noxius is a species of scorpion native to Mexico.
Description and behavior
This species grows from 3.5 to 5 cm in length, its body is dark in color, usually black or brown, and its legs and pedipalps are generally light, this species does not have a specific color pattern since it can be found with other colors.[1] Since most scorpions are nocturnal, they usually hide in litter and debris, or in loose barks of trees and bushes, it is mostly terrestrial, but it has also been reported to rise on rough surfaces.[2]
Distribution and habitat
This species is native to Mexico, in the states of Nayarit, but also in Jalisco and Sinaloa.[2] it is also found in other Latin American countries, such as Chile, but it is not known how it got there.[3] It is mainly found in dry arid places, areas of limited vegetation, in sandy and rocky soil and sometimes in human dwellings, it has been reported close to sea level, with 500 m elevation.[2]
Reproduction
Mating lasts about 10 minutes, with the male controlling the female with his tweezers to avoid being bitten by her, they reach sexual maturity between 8–11 months of age, reproduction is ovoviviparous, with a gestation period of 4–5 months, the female of the aluz between 30 and 60 pups. the puppies become independent at two or three weeks of age, as they can be eaten by the mother.[1]
Diet
It feeds mainly on small invertebrates, such as crickets, spiders and beetles. juveniles usually feed on micro-crickets and small flies.[1]
Venom
It is one of the most venomous scorpions in Mexico and one of the most dangerous in Latin America, it has highly lethal neurotoxins for mammals, which attacks the sodium and potassium channels, the venom changes the functioning of nerves and muscles, to the point of the respiratory system and the heart stop working.[1] This species has a median lethal dose of 5 micrograms for 20-gram mouse.[4] Two peptide toxins have been identified in the venom: noxiustoxin, which targets voltage-gated calcium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels,[5][6] and Cn2 toxin, which targets the mammalian voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) Nav1.6.[7]
References
- ^ a b c d "Alacrán de Nayarit Información útil con Catacterísticas y Hábitat". Los 100 Animales más peligrosos del mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-10-12.
- ^ a b c "Living Hazards Database (LHD) – Search by Scientific Name" (PDF). Acq.osd.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Alacrán de Nayarit (Centruroides noxius)". NaturaLista (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2020-10-12.
- ^ Santibáñez-López, Carlos E.; Francke, Oscar F.; Ureta, Carolina; Possani, Lourival D. (January 2016). "Scorpions from Mexico: From Species Diversity to Venom Complexity". Toxins. 8 (1): 2. doi:10.3390/toxins8010002. PMC 4728524. PMID 26712787.
- ^ Sitges, M; Possani, Ld; Bayon, A (1 June 1986). "Noxiustoxin, a short-chain toxin from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius, induces transmitter release by blocking K+ permeability". The Journal of Neuroscience. 6 (6): 1570–1574. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-06-01570.1986. PMC 6568734. PMID 3012016.
- ^ "Kalium: Toxins Active on Potassium Channels". Kaliumdb.org. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
- ^ Pintar, Alessandro; Possani, Lourival D.; Delepierre, Muriel (1999-03-26). "Solution structure of toxin 2 from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann, a β-scorpion neurotoxin acting on sodium channels11Edited by P. E. Wright". Journal of Molecular Biology. 287 (2): 359–367. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2611. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 10080898.