Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
| Bovine respiratory syncytial virus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Negarnaviricota |
| Class: | Monjiviricetes |
| Order: | Mononegavirales |
| Family: | Pneumoviridae |
| Genus: | Orthopneumovirus |
| Virus: | Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
|
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is pneumovirus closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that is a common cause of respiratory disease in cattle, particularly calves. It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm of the cell.[1] Similarly to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the genome of BRSV has a high mutation rate, which results in great antigenetic variation. Thus, BRSV can be split into four different subgroups based on antigen expression (A, B, AB, and intermediate).[2]
Causes
In around 90% of cases, infection with BRSV results in secondary bacterial pneumonia due to interference with the host's immune system and enhancement of bacterial adherence and colonisation by the virus.[1] Pasteurella multocida, a common commensal of the nasopharynx of cattle, appears to be the main bacterial agent in BRSV-related bovine respiratory disease (BRD).[3]
Treatment
Similarly to other viral infections, treatment of BRSV is typically supportive. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be required to reduce fever and inflammation, which may increase the affected animal's food and water intake. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are preferred to corticosteroids due to the latter's immunosuppressive effects. In the case of a secondary bacterial infection, antimicrobials may be given.[2] In contrast to human RSV, commercial BRSV vaccines are available. However, appropriate biosecurity measures and animal husbandry may be sufficient to prevent spread of disease.[4]
References
- ^ a b Larsen, L. E. (2000-03-01). "Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV): A review". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 41 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1186/BF03549652. ISSN 1751-0147. PMC 7996406. PMID 10920473.
- ^ a b Makoschey, Birgit; Berge, Anna Catharina (2021-07-31). "Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza – usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease – a narrative review". BMC Veterinary Research. 17 (1): 261. doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02935-5. ISSN 1746-6148. PMC 8325295. PMID 34332574.
- ^ Sudaryatma, Putu Eka; Nakamura, Kimika; Mekata, Hirohisa; Sekiguchi, Satoshi; Kubo, Meiko; Kobayashi, Ikuo; Subangkit, Mawar; Goto, Yoshitaka; Okabayashi, Tamaki (2018-07-01). "Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection enhances Pasteurella multocida adherence on respiratory epithelial cells". Veterinary Microbiology. 220: 33–38. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.031. ISSN 0378-1135. PMC 7117154. PMID 29885798.
- ^ Valarcher, Jean François; Hägglund, Sara; Näslund, Katarina; Jouneau, Luc; Malmström, Ester; Boulesteix, Olivier; Pinard, Anne; Leguéré, Dany; Deslis, Alain; Gauthier, David; Dubuquoy, Catherine; Pietralunga, Vincent; Rémot, Aude; Falk, Alexander; Shevchenko, Ganna (March 2021). "Single-Shot Vaccines against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV): Comparative Evaluation of Long-Term Protection after Immunization in the Presence of BRSV-Specific Maternal Antibodies". Vaccines. 9 (3): 236. doi:10.3390/vaccines9030236. ISSN 2076-393X. PMC 8001206. PMID 33803302.