Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP

From WikiProjectMed
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Accession of the United Kingdom to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
TypeTrade agreement accession protocol
Signed16 July 2023
LocationAuckland (New Zealand) and Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei)
Effectivenot in force
Condition60 days after ratification by the UK and all 11 (or: 15 months after signature: 6) CPTPP members
Signatories
Parties
DepositaryGovernment of New Zealand
LanguagesEnglish (prevailing in the case of conflict or divergence), French, and Spanish[1]
This article is part of a series on
Politics of the United Kingdom
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
Constitution
The Crown
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

Charles III

Prince of Wales's feathers

William, Prince of Wales

Executive

Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

Charles III
(King-in-Council)

Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

Sunak ministry (C)

Rishi Sunak (C)

Oliver Dowden (C)
Legislature

(King-in-Parliament)
Crowned portcullis

Charles III

Composition of the House of Lords

The Lord McFall of Alcluith

Composition of the House of Commons

Sir Lindsay Hoyle

Sir Keir Starmer (L)
Judiciary
Charles III
(King-on-the-Bench)

Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

The Lord Reed of Allermuir

Lord Hodge

Bank of England

Andrew Bailey

Monetary Policy Committee

Elections and referendums


UK general elections


European Parliament elections (1979–2019)


Scottish Parliament elections


Northern Ireland Assembly elections


Senedd elections


UK referendums
Devolution
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Administration
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Crown Dependencies
Overseas Territories
Foreign relations
flag United Kingdom portal

The accession of the United Kingdom to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) has been on the current agenda for the enlargement of the CPTPP since 2 June 2021, when the CPTPP Commission decided to move forward with the application of the United Kingdom as an aspirant economy.[2] The United Kingdom officially applied for CPTPP membership on 21 February 2021.[3] Accession negotiations between the UK and the 11 current CPTPP members negotiations were concluded on 31 March 2023.[4][5][6] The UK formally signed the accession protocol on 16 July 2023.[7] The UK and at least 6 of the 11 existing member nations will need to ratify the accession protocol before it takes effect.[8] The UK Government expects the entry into force to take place in the second half of 2024.[9]

The UK will become the first non-original member and European country to join CPTPP. As of 2023 it is one of seven CPTPP applicant countries, together with China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Taiwan, Ukraine, and Uruguay.[10]

History

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

Following its failure to secure a United Kingdom–United States free trade agreement, Britain had been reportedly interested in joining several multilateral free trade agreements including USMCA.[11][12] In January 2018, the government of the United Kingdom stated it was exploring membership of the CPTPP to stimulate exports after Brexit and has held informal discussions with several of the members.[13]

In October 2018, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said he would welcome the United Kingdom joining the partnership post-Brexit.[14] In a joint Telegraph article with Simon Birmingham, David Parker, and Chan Chun Sing, the trade ministers of Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, UK Secretary of State for Trade, Liz Truss, expressed the United Kingdom's intent to join the CPTPP.[15] The UK Department for Trade's chief negotiator Crawford Falconer helped lead the New Zealand negotiations for the predecessor Trans-Pacific Partnership before leaving the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 2012.[16]

In June 2020, the government of the United Kingdom issued a policy paper[17] reaffirming the UK's position on accession to the CPTPP. There were three reasons given:

  • Securing increased trade and investment opportunities that will help the UK economy overcome the unprecedented challenge posed by coronavirus. Joining CPTPP would open up new opportunities for UK exporters in strategically important sectors and helping to support an industrial revival in the UK
  • Helping the United Kingdom diversify trading links and supply chains, and in doing so increasing economic security at a time of heightened uncertainty and disruption in the world.
  • Assisting the UK's future place in the world and advancing the UK's longer-term interests. CPTPP membership is an important part of our strategy to place the UK at the centre of a modern, progressive network of free trade agreements with dynamic economies. Doing so would turn the UK into a global hub for businesses and investors wanting to trade with the rest of the world.

Furthermore, the British government stated that in 2019, each region and constituent country of the United Kingdom exported at least £1 billion ($1.25 billion) worth of goods to CPTPP member countries.[18] The UK government also highlighted that British companies held close to £98 billion worth of investments in CPTPP countries in 2018[19] and that in 2019, the UK did more than £110 billion ($137 billion) worth of trade with countries in the CPTPP free trade area.[20] In December 2020 the UK's Secretary of State for Trade Liz Truss further expressed her desire for the UK to formally apply in early 2021.[21] In a speech, held on 20 January 2021, Truss announced the UK planned to submit an application for participation "shortly".[22] In October 2020 the United Kingdom and Japan already signed the UK–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement which was a roll over of the agreement between the EU and Japan.

The British government had not produced an impact assessment explaining or quantifying the benefits it expects for the UK economy from accession to CPTPP.[23] It has been disputed whether accession is worth pursuing for economic reasons.[24] Farmer, environmental and consumer groups, and the Scottish government, raised concerns that the UK government would need to agree to lowering standards on pesticides, pig welfare and food labelling.[25][26]

Negotiations

  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories

On 1 February 2021, the United Kingdom formally applied to join CPTPP.[3] The UK is the first non-founding country to apply to join the CPTPP. If successful, Britain would become the second largest CPTPP economy, after Japan.[27] Japan had expressed support for the UK's potential entry into CPTPP in 2018,[28] and as 4th CPTPP Commission (2021) chair, Japan's minister in charge of negotiations on the trade pact, Yasutoshi Nishimura, expressed hope on Twitter that Britain will "demonstrate its strong determination to fully comply with high-standard obligations" of the free trade accord, and mentioned that "I believe that the UK’s accession request will have a great potential to expand the high-standard rules beyond the Asia-Pacific."[29]

In June 2021, the CPTPP states agreed to open accession talks. A working group was established to discuss tariffs and rules governing investment and trade. The United Kingdom was forecast to accede to the CPTPP at 2022 at the earliest.[30]

Prior to its withdrawal, the United Kingdom had agreed 36 free trade agreements with countries and trade blocs, the majority of which entered force on 1 January 2021.[31] 33 of these free trade agreements were continuity agreements. These used a mutatis mutandis concept to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation.[32][33] This meant that the UK had continuity free trade agreements with 6 CPTPP members, these were: Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam.

The UK and Japan had also signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement in October 2020 which was mostly based on European Union–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement, but was branded as "marking an historic moment" as the "UK’s first major trade deal as an independent trading nation".[34][35] In addition, two further new agreements were signed with Australia, on 17 December 2021, and New Zealand, on 28 February 2022.[36][37] This meant that the UK had free trade agreements signed with all members of CPTPP, except for Brunei and Malaysia, by the end of February 2022.

On 18 February 2022, confirmation came from the Japanese government, as Chair of the United Kingdom's Accession Working Group on behalf of the CPTPP members, that the UK had moved into the second (and final) ‘market access’ phase of negotiations with the CPTPP.[38]

As of 31 March 2023, the United Kingdom has concluded negotiations to join the CPTPP, as the 11 members have reached an agreement to Britain's accession.[4][5] Each of the existing member nations will need to ratify the UK's addition to the partnership before it takes effect.[8]

The United Kingdom negotiated on behalf of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories during free trade agreement discussions. On 31 March 2023, the UK government announced it had secured an extension mechanism, which could extend the whole agreement to any Crown Dependency or Overseas Territory.[39] On the same day, Guernsey and Jersey confirmed their intentions to participate in CPTPP.[40][41] In May 2023, a UK government spokesman confirmed that "the deal will cover goods trade between the Crown Dependencies and CPTPP countries, with a mechanism to include trade in services in future."[42]

On 17 April 2023 on the occasion of G7 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Karuizawa, Foreign Secretary, James Cleverly attended a bilateral meeting with Japan's Minister for Foreign Affairs, Yoshimasa Hayashi. The two ministers affirmed to continue advancing the UK's accession process to the CPTPP, and they engaged in a candid discussion from a strategic perspective.[43]

The United Kingdom formally signed the CPTPP accession protocol during the ministerial meeting of members in New Zealand on 16 July 2023.[44][7]

Accession protocol

The UK as well as each of the existing member nations must ratify the "protocol on the accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership" for it to enter into force. If 15 months after signature, the UK and at least half (6) of the CPTPP Parties have ratified it, before it takes effect as well, but only with regards of those countries that ratified.[45][1]

Application timeline

Event Date Ref.
Application submitted 21 February 2021 [3]
Accession process opened 2 June 2021 [2]
Negotiations concluded 31 March 2023 [5][6]
Formal signature 16 July 2023 [46][44][7]
Existing member ratifications
3 / 11
 [47]
UK ratification (internal) 20 March 2024 [48]
UK ratification (deposit of instrument of accession)
Full membership

Ratification process

Signatory Ratified Institution In favour Against AB Deposited Ref.
 Australia House of Representatives
Senate
Royal assent
 Brunei No parliamentary approval required
 Canada House of Commons
Senate
Royal assent
 Chile Chamber of Deputies
Senate
 Japan 20 November 2023 House of Representatives Majority approval (Standing vote) 15 December 2023 [49]
6 December 2023 House of Councillors Majority approval (Standing vote)

[50][51]

 Malaysia Cabinet of Malaysia
 Mexico Senate
Presidential Assent
 New Zealand House of Representatives
Royal assent
 Peru Congress
 Singapore 23 January 2024 No parliamentary approval required 23 January 2024 [47][52]
 Vietnam National Assembly

Domestic Process in the United Kingdom

Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Act 2024
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act To Enable the implementation of, and the making of other provision in connection with, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Citation2024 c. 6
Introduced byKemi Badenoch, Business Secretary (Commons)
Lord Johnson, Minister of State for Investment (Lords)
Territorial extent United Kingdom
(England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland)
Dates
Royal assent20 March 2024
Status: Partly in force
History of passage through Parliament

In an article published on 4 November in the UK newspaper The Daily Express, the UK Business and Trade Secretary Kemi Badenoch confirmed that the process of ratification for CPTPP accession was to commence shortly - stating that "in the coming weeks, we will bring forward a Bill to confirm our membership of CPTPP and ensure businesses can start seizing the historic opportunities the deal offers."[53]

On 7 November, the UK government (via a proclamation from King Charles III) announced in the State Opening of Parliament that a bill would be brought forward to ratify the UK's accession to the CPTPP - saying that "My ministers will take steps to make the economy more competitive, taking advantage of freedoms afforded by the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union, a bill will be brought forward to promote trade and investment with economies in the fastest growing region in the world."[54]

The name of the bill was confirmed in press briefings ahead of the King's Speech to be the "Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Bill"[55][56]

The fact that an Act of Parliament is required in order to bring effect to the CPTPP accession, means that there are clauses agreed to within the accession protocol that require primary legislation in order to bring the agreement fully into place. This means that the accession protocol itself, as well as the CPTPP Bill, will need to pass through Parliament in order to complete the ratification process. And the bill completed all the parliamentary stages and received Royal Assent on 20 March 2024.[57]

As part of the Trade Act 2021, and as amended into the Agriculture Act 2020, the UK government must ensure that two reports are produced prior to commencing the CRaG process of treaty ratification:

  • A report from the Trade and Agriculture Commission (TAC) on whether, or to what extent, the measures in the UK-CPTPP accession agreement that are applicable to trade in agricultural products are consistent with the maintenance of UK levels of statutory protection in relation to animal or plant life or health; animal welfare; and environmental protections
  • Following the TAC report, a government produced report summarising the expected impact (if any) the agreement will have in relation to animal or plant life or health; animal welfare; and environmental protections

The TAC were formally requested to commence work on the CPTPP report on 17th July 2023, with an expected delivery date of the report of no later than 30th November 2023.[58]

Timeline

Signatory Application Negotiations Signature Institution Passed In favour Against AB Deposited Effective Ref.
 United Kingdom 1 February 2021 Opened 2 June 2021 16 July 2023 House of Lords 23 January 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote) [59][56]
Concluded 31 March 2023 House of Commons 19 March 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote) [60][55]
Royal assent 20 March 2024 Granted [48][61]

Membership

The United Kingdom attended its first CPTPP meeting after signing the accession protocol on 15 November 2023 in California, on the sidelines of the 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in San Francisco.[62][63]

Response

Domestic economists and media outlets criticised Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's assertion that CPTPP "demonstrates the real economic benefits of our post-Brexit freedoms", citing the International Agreements Committee report that states that the percentage increase in the United Kingdom's GDP provided by CPTPP membership is only 0.08%.[64][65][66] Economist Sam Lowe also pointed out that this figure is low due to the UK already having bilateral free trade agreements with all member states, with the exceptions of Brunei and Malaysia.[67] In a report released with the 2023 Autumn statement, the Office for Budget Responsibility calculated that Britain's economy would gain just 0.04% to GDP in the "long run", which it defined as after 15 years of membership.[68] Trade expert David Henig stated that benefits from Britain's accession to the trade bloc impact had been “hugely overhyped”, adding that “some companies will benefit, but the effects will be very small”.[69]

In contrast, the Centre for European Reform estimated that the costs of leaving the European Union have reduced the UK's GDP by 5.5%, provoking criticism from prominent media outlets as to the extent of the benefits of CPTPP, particularly as an alternative to the European Economic Area.[70][71] However, due to the high growth of the UK economy in comparison to Germany between 2016 and 2022, these estimates have been repudiated by Brexit advocates.[72] In March 2024, the Office for Budget Responsibility reported that the UK is “broadly on track” to show a 4% reduction in the UK economy’s potential productivity, as well as a 15% fall in trade compared to if the UK had stayed within the EU, maintaining its estimation despite facing criticism from Brexit supporters as being overly pessimistic; the OBR noted that growth in UK goods trade is well below other advanced economies and 10% down on 2019 levels at the end of 2023.[73]

Environmental campaigners criticised the UK government for agreeing to eliminate all import tariffs on palm oil from Malaysia, a product blamed for widespread deforestation, prompting outrage from green campaigners.[74][75] The British government's decision violates the United Kingdom's COP27 pledge to end deforestation by 2030, which it had committed to less than a year prior in Glasgow.[76][77]

Further concerns were raised by trade unions over clauses in the deal that will allow large companies to sue the UK government behind closed doors if they believe their profits have suffered from changes to laws or regulations. The TUC's general secretary, Paul Nowak, noted that these clauses could allow large companies to sue on grounds such as an increase in the minimum wage or bringing energy companies back into public ownership.[78]

British Secretary of State for Business and Trade Kemi Badenoch argues Britain's decision to join the CPTPP gives it a strengthened presence and influence in the Asia-Pacific region which is rapidly growing in significance both economically and politically.[79] Additionally, Badenoch also claims the deal is the most significant commercial agreement signed by the UK since Brexit, with a potential to grow in importance as the rise of Pacific Rim countries continues, with applications from China and Taiwan highlighting further market opportunities that Britain could gain access to through CPTPP.[64][80]

Member state relations

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Protocol on the accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and {rogressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership" (PDF). New Zealand Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the United Kingdom's Formal Request to Commence the Accession Process" (PDF). CPTPP Commission. 2 June 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "Formal Request to Commence UK Accession Negotiations to CPTPP". GOV.UK. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  4. ^ a b "CPTPP trade bloc to give UK green light to join". Nikkei Asia. 29 March 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  5. ^ a b c "Britain secures agreement to join Indo-Pacific trade bloc". Politico. 29 March 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Joint Ministerial Statement on the UK's accession process to the CPTPP" (PDF). CPTPP. 31 March 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b c "'A significant milestone for UK trade': Britain signs deal to join £12trn Indo-Pacific trading block". Sky News. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Britain set to join trans-Pacific trade pact". CBC News. 30 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  9. ^ "The UK and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)". GOV.UK. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  10. ^ "Ukraine Submits Request to Join CPTPP Trade Pact". The Japan News. 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  11. ^ "UK pins hope on joining US-Mexico-Canada trade pact". Financial Times. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  12. ^ "UK considers joining existing US-Mexico-Canada trade deal as hopes of standalone post-Brexit agreement fade". Sky News. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  13. ^ Gregory, Julia (3 January 2018). "Britain exploring membership of the TPP to boost trade after Brexit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  14. ^ McCurry, Justin (8 October 2018). "UK welcome to join Pacific trade pact after Brexit, says Japanese PM". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  15. ^ Truss, Liz (28 April 2020). "Enemies of free trade must not be allowed to use coronavirus to bring back protectionism". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  16. ^ Watkins, Tracy (3 April 2012). "Diplomats take the gloves off". Stuff. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  17. ^ "UK approach to joining the CPTPP trade agreement". GOV.UK. 17 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Foreign direct investment involving UK companies (directional): outward – Office for National Statistics". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  19. ^ "UK total trade: all countries, non-seasonally adjusted – Office for National Statistics". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  20. ^ ""HM Revenue & Customs: UK Imports and Exports by Region, year to March 2020"". HM Revenue and Customs. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  21. ^ @trussliz (15 December 2020). "🇬🇧 🇲🇽 Our trade deal with Mexico means we have now secured agreements with 58 countries. It's our 7th deal with a…" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020 – via Twitter.
  22. ^ "The UK-Japan Free Trade Summit. Keynote for The UK-Japan Free Trade Summit, A Shared Economic & Financial Vision for Mutual Benefit". GOV.UK. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  23. ^ "Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)". Institute for Government. 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  24. ^ "Comprehensive and Progressive Transpacific Partnership Submission to the Department for International Trade" (PDF). Trade Union Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Trade Policy Response to UK Government Consultations on Future Free Trade Agreements" (PDF). Department for International Trade. November 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  26. ^ "Food standards petition". NFU Online. 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  27. ^ "UK applying to join Asia-Pacific free trade pact CPTPP". BBC News. 30 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Brexit: Japan 'would welcome' UK to TPP says Abe". BBC News. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  29. ^ "Britain to apply to join CPTPP Asia-Pacific free trade bloc". The Japan Times. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  30. ^ "UK begins process to join Asia-Pacific trade bloc". BBC News. 2 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  31. ^ "UK trade agreements in effect". GOV.UK. 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  32. ^ Eiser, David; McEwen, Nicola; Roy, Graeme (7 April 2021). "The Trade Policies of Brexit Britain: the Influence of and Impacts on the Devolved Nations" (PDF). Brill Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  33. ^ Emmerson, Carl; Johnson, Paul; Mitchell, Ian; Phillips, David (May 2016). "Brexit and the UK's Public Finances" (PDF). Institute for Fiscal Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  34. ^ "UK and Japan sign free trade agreement". GOV.UK. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  35. ^ "UK and Japan agree historic free trade agreement". GOV.UK. 11 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  36. ^ "UK and Australia sign world-class trade deal". GOV.UK. 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  37. ^ "UK-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement". GOV.UK. 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  38. ^ "Trade Secretary secures major trade bloc milestone ahead of Asia visit". GOV.UK. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  39. ^ "Conclusion of Negotiations on the Accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership". GOV.UK. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  40. ^ "Bailiwick of Guernsey to participate in UK's CPTPP free trade agreement". GOV.GG. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  41. ^ "Jersey included in UK's agreement with the CPTPP". GOV.JE. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Guernsey disappointed with UK's CPTTP deal delay". BBC News. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Japan-UK Foreign Ministers' Meeting". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  44. ^ a b "Britain signs deal to join £12 trillion Indo-Pacific trade bloc". CNBC. 16 August 2023. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  45. ^ "United Kingdom accession to the CPTPP". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  46. ^ "UK signs treaty to join vast Indo-Pacific trade group as new data shows major economic benefits". GOV.UK. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  47. ^ a b "Singapore becomes second country to ratify UK membership to CPTPP". GOV.UK. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  48. ^ a b "UK takes major step towards joining Indo-Pacific trade bloc". GOV.UK. 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  49. ^ "条約 第212回国会 1 環太平洋パートナーシップに関する包括的及び先進的な協定へのグレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国の加入に関する議定書の締結について承認を求めるの件". Shugiin (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  50. ^ "環太平洋パートナーシップに関する包括的及び先進的な協定へのグレートブリテン及び北アイルランド連合王国の加入に関する議定書の締結について承認を求めるの件：参議院". Sangiin (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  51. ^ Longbottom, Julia [@JuliaLongbottom] (15 December 2023). "12月15日、英国の #CPTPP 加入に関して、日本が全ての国内手続きを完了したことを、協定の寄託国であるニュージーランドに通報しました。駐日英国大使として、日本が加盟国の中で最初に手続きを終えたことを、大変嬉しく思います。" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023 – via Twitter.
  52. ^ "Singapore ratifies UK's accession to transpacific free trade pact". The Business Times. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  53. ^ Badenoch, Kemi (4 November 2023). "Time to exploit our free trade deal opportunities from Brexit". Express. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  54. ^ Glassman, Thea (7 November 2023). "King Charles Delivered His First King's Speech: Read Transcript". The Messenger. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  55. ^ a b "King's Speech 2023: Full list of bills". Politics.co.uk. 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  56. ^ a b "Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Bill". UK Parliament. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  57. ^ "Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Bill [HL]". UK Parliament. 20 March 2024.
  58. ^ "CPTPP: Secretary of State for Business and Trade's request for TAC advice". GOV.UK. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  59. ^ "UK applies to join trans-Pacific trade group". Financial Times. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  60. ^ "UK to Join Indo-Pacific Trade Bloc in Major Post-Brexit Pact". Bloomberg. 31 March 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  61. ^ "'Red-letter day': UK accession to CPTPP trade pact passes into law". City A.M. 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  62. ^ "UK attends first CPTPP meeting since signing up to the massive Indo-Pacific trade bloc in July". GOV.UK. 15 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  63. ^ "UK's Badenoch to attend trans-Pacific CPTPP meeting on sidelines of APEC". Reuters. 15 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  64. ^ a b "UK strikes agreement to join Asia-Pacific trade bloc". Financial Times. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  65. ^ "UK membership of the trans-Pacific trade agreement". UK Parliament. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  66. ^ UK accession to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP): Scrutiny of the Government's Negotiating Objectives. UK Parliament (Report). 17 November 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  67. ^ "What Does CPTPP Actually Do?". Most Favoured Nation. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  68. ^ "UK's flagship post-Brexit trade deal worth even less than previously thought, OBR says". The Guardian. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  69. ^ "Flagship post-Brexit trade deal worth even less than ministers claimed, official estimates show". The Independent. 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  70. ^ "Britain's bumpy ride to the Asia-Pacific". Financial Times. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  71. ^ "THE COST OF BREXIT TO JUNE 2022". Centre for European Reform. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  72. ^ "What impact is Brexit having on the UK economy?". Briefings for Britain. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  73. ^ "UK Is 'On Track' for 4% Hit to Economy From Brexit, OBR Says". Bloomberg. 7 March 2024. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  74. ^ "Government hails Trans-Pacific trade deal, but green groups raise alarm over deforestation risks". BusinessGreen. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  75. ^ "UK poised to remove import tariffs on Malaysian palm oil". Financial Times. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  76. ^ "Pacific trade deal 'will make mockery of UK's climate ambitions'". The Guardian. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  77. ^ "COP27: More than 25 countries band together to keep deforestation pledges made in Glasgow". Euronews. 7 November 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  78. ^ "UK joins Asia-Pacific CPTPP trade bloc that includes Japan and Australia". The Guardian. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  79. ^ "Britain joining trade pact CPTPP has marginal immediate benefits, but opportunities are plentiful". The Straits Times. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  80. ^ "How Britain left Brexit behind with a new Pacific trade deal". The Telegraph. 10 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_CPTPP"